Hall, Stuart. Introduction Who Needs Identity Questions of Cultural Identity.

Corridor, Stuart. Presentation Who Needs Identity Questions of Cultural Identity. Stuart Hall centers around a significant issue concerning character. The issue has been considered by numerous masterminds and there is no single response to the inquiry raised by Hall: who does require ‘Identity’? Corridor guarantees that to respond to this inquiry it is important to break down such thought as â€Å"identification† (2).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Hall, Stuart. â€Å"Introduction: Who Needs ‘Identity’?† Questions of Cultural Identity. explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hall expresses that distinguishing proof is people’s capacity to perceive â€Å"some normal birthplace or imparted qualities to someone else or group† (2). The creator likewise specifies that this procedure is very emotional and it is almost difficult to locate an ideal fit. In any case, the idea of ID impeccably fits the idea of character. Lobby additionally guarantees that personality is exposed to n umerous progressions that happen over the span of time. In this way, it is basic to investigate personalities concerning recorded advancement of social orders (Hall 4). Consequently, the analyst characterizes ways of life as people’s positions which they pick attempting to fit the gathering, however they comprehend that there can be no ideal match and it is fine to vary by one way or another (Hall 6). Lobby likewise breaks down a few perspectives and spotlights on Foucault perspective. Lobby asserts that Foucault’s clarification of personality is excessively limited (13). Corridor expresses that it is imperative to speculate the idea of character to make it increasingly relevant. Along these lines, the analyst alludes to Butler’s thoughts concerning character (Hall 15). Corridor focuses on that Butler built up her comprehension of character as far as woman's rights, sexuality and self-personality. In any case, Hall asserts that Butler’s thought that chara cter depends on rejection isn't deceptive as some could might suspect. Corridor additionally expresses that issues concerning personality and conjecturing character are yet to be explained. To summarize, Hall uncovers the significance of guessing ‘identity’ which will prompt further comprehension of the procedures and components that influence personalities. Significant contentions As has been referenced above, Hall gives a meaning of personality and spotlights on hypothetical issues concerning character. Nonetheless, Hall despite everything claims that it is imperative to comprehend what personality (or distinguishing proof) is. Corridor additionally verbalizes the significance of characters in the contemporary world. Similarly, such creators as Nakayama, Tanno or Hedge guarantee that the thought of personality is one of the most significant in the cutting edge world (Gonzalez et al.). It's implied that the writers referenced above spotlight on the down to earth side.A dvertising Looking for paper on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They center around people’s endeavors to discover their places in this world. Be that as it may, the significant purpose of works by Hall, Nakayama, Tanno or Hedge is as per the following: issues concerning character ought to be dissected with the goal that individuals could without much of a stretch locate the most reasonable positions. As a matter of fact, this thought is significant as far as Communication Studies. The examination focuses on people’s correspondence. Assorted variety is one of the most significant issues in this regard. Clearly, it is imperative to comprehend what elements impact people’s personalities. It is fundamental to realize which positions individuals will in general involve and why. It is important to see how individuals distinguish themselves. This will assist scientists with understanding how individu als collaborate and speak with others. Gonzalez, Alberto, Marsha Houston, and Victoria Chen. Our Voices: Essays in Culture, Ethnicity, and Communication. New York, NY: Roxbury Publishing Company, 2003. Print. Corridor, Stuart. â€Å"Introduction: Who Needs ‘Identity’?† Questions of Cultural Identity. Eds. Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd., 1996. 1-17. Print.

Looking At John Okadas No No Boy English Literature Essay

Taking a gander At John Okadas No Boy English Literature Essay Directly from the earliest starting point of John Okadas No Boy there is the juxtaposition of the Japanese-Americans coming back from internment camps toward the finish of World War II and the Japanese-Americans that promised themselves to the U.S. Military coming back from administration abroad. Ichiro Yamada, the hero, is confronting an individual difficulty of national character. He censures his difficult Japanese legacy for him getting bolted up, and the Americans were the ones that did the locking. His folks talk just Japanese in insubordination to American impact. In spite of being brought up in America, Ichiro cases to be a Japanese patriot and is significantly detained. His mom asserts that the whole family is completely Japanese, despite the fact that Ichiro has never been to Japan. This generational clash that is basic in foreigner families is the spike for Ichiros personality emergency all through the novel. The one exemption to the antagonistic vibe of the generational split lies in Ichiros companionship with Kenji. Kenji is a beautified war legend that was remunerated for his military endeavors with material belongings from the central government. He doesnt censure Ichiro for his choice. He rather gives Ichiro an important look at the extreme prize of digestion, however the picture is polluted with the gangrenous injury he supported in the administration. Kenjis character is enraptured by that of Freddie. He is an old companion of Ichiros and an individual No Boy that is resolved to run from his issues with society and his family as opposed to managing them soundly like a grown-up. Okada partners everything maternal in the story with Japanese dependability. Ichiro accuses his Japanese patriot mother as the explanation that he turned into a No Boy in any case. She is a nationalistic elitist in each feeling of the word. She will not learn English during the thirty years that she lives in Seattle and doesnt even accept the various reports that strong Japan has lost the war to the Americans. To her, osmosis approaches demise. On the other hand, Ichiros case of fruitful coordination, Kenji, has an eminent family existence without a mother. At the point when Mrs. Yamada at long last deals with Japans misfortune in the war, she suffocates herself in the bath. The remainder of the family is diminished from the eased desires. Ichiro recognizes his mom right off the bat as the singular power keeping him from critically incorporating into well known American culture, yet her demise gives a going of the light in Japanese patriotism and he before long discovers that his iss ues are of his own making. When Ichiro returns to Seattle, things are not what he anticipates. Since he was so unexpectedly gathered together and delivered off to an internment camp, to prove㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦that they werent sufficiently american to be believed, he foresees segregation among standard culture, yet he is met with what is forming into the most tolerating period in American history (p. 153). The social liberties development is practically around the bend. The threatening vibe that he anticipates from white Americans doesnt occur. The main harassing he meets is on account of other Japanese-Americans. Each incredible white man that Ichiro runs into gets a decent impression from him. His old Professor Brown urges him to return to the college. Mr. Carrick extends to him an employment opportunity on the spot at a designing office in Portland. Them two are thoughtful for what he has suffered and differ with the bad form of the entire issue, yet Ichiro dismisses all them. He could acclimatize on the off chance that he needed to, however he doesnt in light of the fact that he is persuaded that since he once dismissed the United States that he is perpetually grievous to it. He could have been an architect in Oregon and climb the social statuses. No longer would he have been a lower-class foreigner, however a sparkling individual from the white collar class. Rather, he decides to keep up his social fixed status and social detachment. This was a typical inclination during this time, as Kenji puts it: They bitched and hollered when the administration put them in camps and put genuine fences around them, yet now theyre doing likewise damn thing to themselves. (p. 164) Post-war Japanese-Americans are driving isolation upon themselves. Most Americans, in any event in this novel, demonstrate completely consistent in moving advances from the past from which they came. They are happy to bring social decent variety into their schools and work environments, yet the Japanese-Americans appear to be unshakable on proceeding with their abuse. From the get-go in the novel, Ichiro refers to the blame of his traitorousness to the United States as a purpose behind not tolerating any of these offers. He hasnt battled for the nation and doesnt feel like hes earned such extravagant chances, so he leaves them for genuinely Americanized individuals to profit by. This veneration displayed by Ichiro for American culture and those that it favors neutralizes his endeavors to stay faithful to his Japanese family line. He externalizes his should be dedicated to Japan onto his mom, yet it doesnt end when she passes on. He understands that her exacting codes of Japanese dedication were by all account not the only thing shielding him from acclimatizing. Ichiro turns down another promising bid for employment at the Christian Reclamation Center where the proprietor had just recruited another No Boy. It is no occurrence that Mrs. Yamadas self destruction is compared with Kenjis demise. The part where the two occasions are contained is the defining moment in the novel. Mrs. Yamada kicks the bucket in view of her refusal to coordinate into American culture and Kenji passes on from gangrene in a physical issue he endured during his endeavors to incorporate into American culture. The two extraordinary instances of national character can not endure anymore. Kenji tells Ichiro on his passing bed that ethnic contrasts ought to be risen above to obscure the lines of racial differentiation, and in this way demonstrate order troublesome. Ichiro appears to acknowledge Kenjis counsel when he anticipates turning into a genuine American with a house and a spouse and children, just to put himself being investigated minutes after the fact for his treasonous expectations. He has likewise acquired the voice of his mom in his mind notwithstanding Kenjis an uncontrolled contrariness. These restricti ng perspectives inevitably start to adjust one another, and Ichiro understands that he is neither Japanese nor American. Ichiro started the novel worried about improving his open picture, and he bit by bit changes his anxiety to dignity. The issue with his underlying attitude is that confidence is controlled by the desire of the state. Countries make their own domineering worth frameworks along these lines to build up social norms. The idea of free decision is deceptive. It is wretchedness to ceaselessly take into account the assessments of unknown outsiders. To extend the lives of others onto oneself is to totally shroud ones own character. Ichiro is embarrassed about his traitorousness to America. He goes about as though every white American feels that he is a backstabber for not showing himself to the nation, however his obsession is proof that he minds more on the issue than any white character in the story. With the passings of his mom and Kenji, Ichiro turns out to be startlingly mindful of the significance of his sense of pride, since he no longer has his mom to accuse his issues for or Kenji to experience his Americanized wanders off in fantasy land. Ichiro starts to oppose joining on the grounds that, to him, it would mean relinquishing his character in lieu of similarity. He concerns himself just with his own conclusions and thinks autonomously about the social gatherings which encompass him, as Kenji recommended he do. The imagery of Ichiros adjusted beliefs is evident when looking at the beginning and end scenes of the novel. It begins with Ichiro venturing into the midtown Plaza as he mulls over his own way of patriotism, and closures with Ichiro dodging down a dull tight rear entryway. That way less voyaged is exactly the way that Ichiro has decided to take in his life. He decided not to burst the generally accepted ways to go of American beliefs or Japanese elitism that everybody appeared to step on, yet rather a little shrouded way took care of between the two roads. All through the novel, Emi stays a picture of standardized American home life, but then another bombed open door at Americanization for Ichiro. Much like his squandered propositions for employment, Ichiro imagines that he doesnt merit Emi in light of the fact that her significant other is in the military. At the point when she gives herself to him, they go out moving and Ichiro likes the idea of being with a lady that other men need. His obsession with the men that locate her appealing as opposed to the alluring young lady herself gives the scene manly feelings. Emi alone isn't sufficient to influence Ichiro to subscribe to her, yet the sheer enthusiasm of other men incites Ichiro imagine that he has a genuine catch on his hands. This is a prime case of Ichiro capitulating to the assessments of the overall population in America as opposed to tuning in to his own sense of pride and his own feelings.

Why Do People Smoke

Why Do People Smoke Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print Why Do People Smoke? List of the Pros and Cons of Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on October 30, 2019 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD on October 30, 2019 desifoto / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery We all know the reasons to quit smoking??â€"but why might someone start in the first place? Community member Jeff details why he thought he liked smoking and the important reasons he stopped smoking. 7 Reasons Why I Thought I Liked Smoking We get hooked on things like smoking because they do seem to fulfill a role in our lives for the positiveâ€"thats why its so hard to quit. Heres what smoking brought me. Smoking made the empty, anxious, tense feeling of nicotine withdrawal go away for a short while. I now know that I am and will always be a nicotine addict. I know that the craving to smoke is not coming from the cigarette but from my mind. No matter what doubts, negative thoughts or excuses enter my brain, I will not accept them. I know that I can never have another cigarette or I will be back exactly where I started, smoking myself to an early grave.I unconsciously thought that cigarettes were my friend. We went through all the bad and good times together. Smoking was always there for me for over 35 years. I now know that cigarettes are not my friend, but instead were slowly poisoning and killing me.The time away from work/life that was free from worry, concern and stress while I smoked. I unconsciously transferred the pleasurable feelings of peace and relaxation during those breaks to the act of smoking a cigarette. I now know that I can experience this feeling of inner peace by ju st taking a short break without smoking a cigarette.??I believed I could never be truly happy as an ex-smoker. I now know that this belief was conditioned in me from a young age through my early experiences with smoking and constant advertising attacks by cigarette companies. I now know I need to question everything I ever thought I understood about smoking. I can be truly happy and healthy as an ex-smoker.The smell of a good Cuban cigar or the smells as you open a humidor. I have to admit that I still like the smell of cigars. However, I now know I can never smoke them again. I have relapsed twice because I thought I could have just one cigar. I now know I can never ever have another puff off a cigarette or cigar. A puff will lead me back to full-time smoking; there is no in-between.I was afraid of quitting and the terrible feelings of withdrawal from nicotine. I feared I could not handle quitting and the triggers to smoke that I would face. I looked at the act of quitting as the m ost difficult, tedious and unpleasant thing I would ever do. While quitting may be difficult, I now know that I need to focus on the positive effects of being an ex-smoker. I know that quitting is a learning experience. I seek and embrace the triggers so that I can conquer them and establish new healthy habits in their place.I was afraid to make the commitment to myself to never have another puff because I feared failing. I have now made a personal commitment to myself to quit smoking for good. 7 Reasons I Hated Smoking Its important to have your why when you quit smoking. I have my myriad reasons why I quit, but heres some of the top ways smoking was affecting my life for the negative. Watching my father unhook his oxygen to go out and have a cigarette.I felt like a helpless slave to nicotine addiction.Dental problems, like bad breath, yellow teeth and bone loss in my mouth.That feeling Id get when I needed another fix.How I hated myself for smoking.My lungs hurt. This was the final straw for me. I was sitting in bed feeling my lungs ache and thought to myself, What am I doing? Do I really want to end up like my father? I know I can quit. I have made it for more than a year smoke-free on more than one occasion. N.O.P.E.(not one puff ever)!Smoking has never solved any of my problems. The problem was always there after the cigarette was gone.

Essay about The Road Not Taken, and Nothing Gold Can Stay

Robert Frost was one of Americas greatest poets. From 1874 - 1963 he has written many famous poems including Nothing Gold can stay and The Road not taken which I will be writing about. He lived in San Francisco and sadly died in Boston in 1963. He moved to Massachusetts when he was eleven and went to the local high school. He then continues to go to Dartmouth College. The Road Not Taken is a poem about decisions in life and how each one leads onto another road, spreading into a vast complexity of situations and life. The roads symbolise decisions and how each decision effects the whole journey ahead of him. The first verse is about his first decision in the network of roads that he could have taken. He ponders which†¦show more content†¦He can only look so far though because you can not look into the far away future hence the line To where it bent in the undergrowth. The bend means that you can not look further than that certain point. The second verse compares the two roads without knowing what the other contains. He wanted to know what laid down the other road and compares the path he travelled to the one he could have travelled. Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same. The first line means that he has decided to take a journey on one of the roads he was pondering about. It also means that he could have just as easily taken the road he did not take. In the second line it means that he thought the road he took would be more interesting than the other, and having perhaps the better claim because it was grassy and needed wear, which means that lesser people had been on that path than the other. When a path has not been trodden on, it leaves plants and grass to overgrow. So he took the road which was grassy because it was unusual compared to the other path. He also thought that the path needed people to take it! (needed wear) On the last two line of that verse, (Though as for thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about An Analysis Of Nature In The W606 Words   |  3 Pagesto paint a picture filled with symbolism for the reader to interpret. The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify with or imagine in some way because of the intense imagery used. In the analysis of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, Nothing Gold Can Stay, and Stopping By The Woods On A Snowy Evening we can pick out specific examples to illustrate Frost’s overall use of nature. In the first stanza of Robert Frost’s Stopping by the Woods on A Snowy EveningRead MoreRobert Frost And Modern Poetry1245 Words   |  5 Pagesso much as Robert Frost has in the ways of influencing today’s poetry. A man widely renowned and respected in America, Frost used his shockingly modern writing style to help pave a path for the poems of the future. By analyzing this great poet, one can only hope to discover the true, raw meaning of the written words that have had a lasting impact on the views and, more importantly, on the world of poetry. This essay will explain how Robert Frost used his modernistic writing, his poem’s philosophicalRead MoreRobert Frost Research Paper2986 Words   |  12 Pagesand ever nature, to help create an image in one’s mind. The morals that these different types of themes create will make the reader face decisions and consequences as if they were in the poem themselves. His morals can be found in the poems, â€Å"The Roa d Not Taken,† â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay,† â€Å"Out, Out,† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night.† Robert Frost’s poetry uses different themes to create morals which readers will use in daily life. â€Å"He is fairly taciturn about what happens to us after death, partly becauseRead MoreWhy Is Robert Lee Frost Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesFrost family sailed across the Atlantic to England. In England, he met literary icons like Ezra Pound and Edward Thomas; they helped him with his poetry by encouraging and review his works. Thomas served as an inspiration in Frost’s poem in â€Å"The Road Not Taken† when Thomas would talk about his regrets and decisions he took and did not take. Due to the political events happening during this time in history, Frost and his family had to return to America. By this time in his career,   he was already famousRead MoreEssay about Analysis of the Poems of Robert Frost1316 Words   |  6 Pages†Å"The Road Not Taken† and â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† are just two of many very famous poems, written by none other than Robert Frost. Robert Frost is a poet that is well known for his poetic contributions to nature, as well as his award winning poems. His poetic ability and knowledge make him an extraordinary author. His past; including schooling, family, and the era in which he wrote influenced nearly all of his poems in some way. This very famous poet contributed to the modernism era, had a familyRead MoreShort Story : Call Of The Klondike1219 Words   |  5 Pagessuppose that what one has is not satisfying. Maybe, just maybe, that is why people strive to do more, to get more, to be more. Stanley Pierce, in the story Call of the Klondike: A True Gold Rush Adventure, did just that. He faced the rigors of bone-chilling weather that could take his life at any moment in search of gold just so he could be rich. Farah Ahmedi, in her memoir The Other Side of the Sky, clim bed a mountain on a prosthetic leg to reach freedom from her war-torn home in Afghanistan. FinallyRead MoreEssay On Robert Frost1194 Words   |  5 Pagesand a deeper more profound meaning. Although Frost concentrates on simple subject matter, he gave a wide range of emotions, and his poems often change from comical tones to tragic ones. Much of his poetry targeted people with their environment; you can even compare it to the rappers of today. He saw the beauty of nature and he also saw its potential dangers. He often wrote in the basic rhythmic structure of blank verses, but ran sentences over several lines so that the poetic meter plays under theRead MoreRobert Frost s Poem After Apple Picking918 Words   |  4 Pagesmorality specifically dealing with regret at the end of life. The poem is in essence symbolic of the idea that man can work so hard for what he want and desired, but he cannot enjoy the fruits of his labor. The poem when read can be interpreted as a poem about death ,but it is about reflecting back on life with a sense of regret. The poem Seamus Heaney agrees saying, â€Å"The way it can be taught in high schools in a melodramatic ways is it’s a poem about death and yet it robs it of life (Voices andRead MoreRobert Frost : A New England Poet3698 Words   |  15 Pagesthe situations that he was going through during writing his poetry. What he was going through can be a contribution to a deeper understanding of his work, and focuses on themes and symbols that are not included in his work. We can interpret a different meaning to the poem when knowing what he was going through, Frost’s life can be substituted for the poem’s speaker (DiYanni). Historical information can be relevant to Frost’s poetry because they provide insight meanings into his inspiration. (DiYanni)Read MoreNatures Gold and Ghost Stories Essay1828 Words   |  8 PagesLife and death are leaves us with an known and unknown that are unavoidable. In the poem â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† by Robert Frost symbolism, rhyme, and allusion are used to describe not only nature’s life cycle but the human life cycle as well. The allegory â€Å"Used to Live Here Once† by Jean Rhys uses symbolism and motif to deliver a story of a woman who has died but is unaware that she has actually passed away. Even though both of these pieces of literature utilize similar elements that symbolize

Who to Ask for a Grad School Recommendation Letter

Recommendation letters are a non-negotiable part of every graduate school application. Nearly all applications to graduate school require at least 3 letters of recommendation from individuals who can discuss your competencies in a coherent way and recommend that you be admitted to graduate school. Many students find that it is not difficult to select one or two people to approach for letters of recommendation. Others arent sure of who to approach. Who Is the Best Choice?   Who can write the best letter? Remember the main criterion of the letter of recommendation: It must provide a comprehensive and positive evaluation of your abilities and aptitude. It should not be surprising that letters from professors are highly valued by admissions committees. However, the best letters are written by faculty who know you, from whom you have taken multiple classes and/or have completed substantial projects and/or have received very positive evaluations. Professors provide insight into your academic competencies and aptitude as well as personality characteristics that may contribute to your potential to succeed in graduate schools, such as motivation, conscientiousness, and timeliness. Should You Ask Your Employer for a Letter? Not always, but some students include a letter from an employer. Letters from employers are useful if you are working in a field that is related to that which you intend to study. However, even a letter from an employer in an unrelated field can be useful to your application if he or she discusses skills and competencies that will contribute to your success in graduate school, such as the ability to read and integrate information in order to draw conclusions, lead others, or carry out complex tasks in a timely and competent fashion. Essentially its all about spin—spinning the material so that it matches what committees are looking for. What Makes for an Effective Recommendation Letter? An effective recommendation letter is written by someone who meets some of the following criteria: Is aware of your field of interest and the schools you are applying to.Is able to evaluate your performance in your field of interest.Is able to discuss your personal characteristicsIs able to discuss your capacity to work with othersCan discuss your leadership skillsCan evaluate your level of professionalism (e.g., punctuality, efficiency, assertiveness)Can discuss your academic skills—not simply experience, but your potential to succeed in graduate-level studyEvaluates you positively relative to othersHas some recognition and whose judgment is highly valued within the field.Has the skills to write a helpful letter. Many students become nervous when they see this list. Remember that no one person will meet all of these criteria, so dont fret or feel bad. Instead, consider all of the people who you might approach and attempt to compose a balanced panel of reviewers. Seek individuals who will collectively fulfill as many of the above criteria as possible. Avoid This Mistake The biggest mistake most students make in the recommendation letter-phase of the graduate school application is to fail to plan ahead and establish relationships that lead to good letters. Or to not consider what each professor brings to the table and to instead settle for whoever is available. This is not the time to settle, choose the easiest path, or be impulsive. Take the time and make the effort to consider all of the possibilities—each professor you have had and all persons you have come into contact with (e.g., employers, internship supervisors, supervisors from settings in which you have volunteered). Dont rule anyone out at first, just make a long list. After you have created an exhausted list, rule out those who you know will not give you a positive recommendation. The next step is to determine how many criteria those remaining on your list might fulfill—even if you have not had recent contact with them. Continue evaluating each person to choose potential refe rees.

Who is Talking About Special Attributes Essay Samples and Why You Should Be Worried

Who is Talking About Special Attributes Essay Samples and Why You Should Be Worried A wonderful leader never attempts to prove his power in order to produce someone feel bad or insecure. Being the most essential characteristic that defines leadership, positive attitude is important energy a leader must have. Showing empathy and concern are also rather important. An excellent leader is never scared to take responsibility. When describing the perfect qualities of a fantastic leader, there are essential skills a superior manger should portray. To conclude, there are numerous diverse characteristics which make a great leader. One of the absolute most important qualities of a fantastic leader is they will need to actually be ready to lead. What to Expect From Special Attributes Essay Samples? Terrific leaders can communicate in a manner that others can engage with. Creativity and Innovation are the 2 sides of the very same coin. You have to make strong connections between your experiences and the qualities you want to convey. The 30-Second Trick for Special Attributes Essay Samples Therefore, you don't must be pleased with a study paper that is already composed. With us, there isn't any need to worry your essay is going to be plagiarized. Bridget's essay is quite strong, but there continue to be a couple little things that could be ma de better. The trick to writing an excellent effectiveA essay is to get the passion to write it. Essay writing comes in various forms. Make certain that your essay follows a particular format, consisting of the appropriate partsA of essay. If you would like to write up the very best essay, make sure to ask yourself some questions. Stephen's essay is quite effective. Every work is quite a bit simpler to write, in the event you actually lived something you write about through. At times, experience is the very best teacher. Consider the vocation that you prefer to pursue and the job in that field which you would love to have (if you currently have your fantasy job, you can use that one). You ought to learn how to lick a woman's clitoris so that you can offer her an orgasm. Special Attributes Essay Samples - Dead or Alive? Even though a teacher has a duty to inspire learning, a CEO has the obligation to lead and execute a corporation's strategies, and get the long-term targets. A superb leader must also make sure he or she not only communicates the acceptable info to the team, but in addition that everybody understands it. He must also show a commitment to his or her team. To summarize, being an excellent employee isn't always uncomplicated. Therefore, it's considered that fantastic managers are effective leaders. Meanwhile, a superb manager should continuously evaluate the operation of all of the followers. In the duration of delivering, organizational or group's activities, a superb manager has to exercise a high degree of control and motivation for all of the participants involved. In a number of situations, the school may provide an article topic for you. What makes a cover letter special is when it's extremely clear that the candidate is conscious of what he or she wants to achieve professionally. So it's very important for a young child. Communication, since the definition goes, is the procedure of disseminating information from 1 party to another. Browsing the web to find all the vital information takes a good deal of time and energy. It is extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, since you wish to steer clear of low quality that's high. Therefore, you might relax knowing your term paper solution is probably going to be delivered in the shape of an expert. In a way it forces you to be more creative to locate a solution. You have to follow APA format (example is going to be provided) in addition to use proper grammar and spelling. Your presentation must have a description of each crucial function in your words. Definitions of Special Attributes Essay Samples A skill, on the flip side, is generally something which is taught. Skills are merely something which you are good at or they are part of you. Secondly, Interpersonal skills are also among the most indispensable job abilities. In summary, you have to know all the vital job skills in addition to know where and how to utilize it. For that reason, it's neither strange nor unusual that you may want composing assistance from a specialist. You might talk to your writer that's private on internet to specify some extra nuances or correcting the work training. To begin with, you've got to select a fantastic matter for your own composition. Someone will undergo training to learn or enhance a specific skill. Some school districts in the us believe all students ought to be tested and rewarded equally irrespective of their adversities. Leadership is a significant aspect within the Army in order to attain excellence and the desired goals. Higher education is just one of the most important criterion for employers when contemplating work candidate.

Constitution Broadcasting Corporation System †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Constitution Broadcasting Corporation System. Answer: Introduction: Constitution is considered as set of rules through which country is governed, and such rules may be derived from traditions or from law. However, these rules were written down in law or number of Management. There are number of countries in which ordinary laws form the constitution and it becomes easy to change the constitution like other laws, but there are number of countries in which law forming the constitution has special status. In Australia, constitution has special status and because of which it is not possible to change the constitution in the same way in which other laws can be changed. Constitution of Australia is considered as supreme law which has power to override other laws. In this essay we examine the constitutional method of Australia, and also critically examine the constitutional method and characterization. Subsequently, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Constitution of Australia is generally included express rights and rights implied from constitutional text and structure. Generally, it is stated that constitution defines the rights which are implied from fundamental underlying doctrines. These rights are categorized in two forms that are express rights and implied rights. There are number of provisions in the Australian constitution which are known as express rights, and some of these provisions are stated under section 166 which prevents the commonwealth of Australia to establish any religion or prohibit free exercise of religion, section 80 which states about trial at jury if offence is tried on indictment, section 51 which provide power to common wealth to acquire property on requirement to provide just terms, and section 117 which prevents the discrimination on the basis of state residence. Another form of constitutional rights under constitution of Australia arises from interpretation method which is known as implication from text and structure and these rights are known as implied rights. Critical evaluation of rights: It must be noted that these rights are stated by constitution of Australia, but it has been proved week mechanism to protect these rights. Some of the issues related to method of constitution are stated below: Concept related to interpretative disagreement is considered as most obvious interpretation which is used for implication of rights stated under constitution, and based on fundamental doctrines of common law and other factors which are not expressed management. Because of this Court never accept the interpretation of these rights fully, and if any right is implied in this manner then it only been sporadic. Interpretation of constitution is also complicated because of disagreements related to the method of interpretation, and even though method related to interpretation of constitution is accepted then particular development of doctrines is likely to remain disputed. This concept is well explained by taking reference to the implication related to political communication. In this first judgments recognize the freedom related to political communication which stressed the legitimacy and prior use of the method of constitutional implication. It must be noted that it is really controversial to interpret the freedom of political communication because it contravenes the original arguments. Even those judges who have accepted this method of interpretation have some doubts and they are also inspired by original concerns. This interpretation is applied in various cases such as Theophanous v The Herald Weekly Times in which doubt was raised on immediate basis and this interpretation is revised in Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Governments of common wealth only have power to make laws and this power is stated under section 51 of the constitution. On the ground that Federal parliament has no power to pass the law, and it is not a law as per section 51 of the constitution. Therefore, there is need that High Court must interpret both the impugned law and this section of constitution stated in question for the purpose of resolving the matter. In other words, characterization of Australian constitution is the question which determines whether law passed is fall under the head of section 51. For being valid it is necessary that commonwealth law characterized under the head of power stated under section 51 of constitution. Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it is clear that there are number of issues which are related to the interpretation of constitution and characterization of constitution such as Concept related to interpretative disagreement is considered as most obvious interpretation which is used for implication of rights stated under constitution, and based on fundamental doctrines of common law and other factors which are not expressed. Bibliography Parliament of Australia, Infosheet 13 - The Constitution, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_13_-_The_Constitution, Accessed on 5th October 2017. Adrienne Stone, Stone, Adrienne --- "Australia's Constitutional Rights and the Problem of Interpretive Disagreement" [2005] SydLawRw 2; (2005) 27(1) Sydney Law Review 29, https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/SydLRev/2005/2.html, Accessed on 5th October 2017.

Analysis of media coverage of president Obamas activities

Introduction The topic of Obama’s media coverage has sparked numerous debates in several media houses in America. Many of these arguments have taken a comparative study between the previous regimes, for instance the Bush and Clinton reign. A comprehensive research has been carried out and divided into three categories.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of media coverage of president Obama’s activities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First was to establish if the media has been biased, secondly is to identify whether the media has taken a neutral stand and thirdly to establish if the media has taken a negative view. Lastly, if the said research has been biased; it is imperative to note that the American media since the presidential campaigns in two thousand and eight has been in favor of president Obama. Positive, negative neutral or biased coverage The media is expected to be fair and balanc ed but it is said to have grossly deviated from such norms. The gravity of the allegations of bribery was stated but none has so far been proved; hence confrontations and blame has been levied on the media houses up to the casting of the ballot when the democrat candidate took an early lead. The media was labeled biased in its opinion polls even before the polls. The swearing into office of president Obama was highly captured by the media and accordingly the media had no option except covering the event for the sake of their faithful viewers and listeners. It would be unreasonable to suggest or imagine less coverage of such an event since it would have had a negative commercial effect on the media further the fear of being termed the governments enemy couldn’t be ruled out at that stage (Calmes, p.40). The only option seen as the last resort was to sufficiently cover such an event. It is without doubt to state that what happened in the campaigns was reflected in the white hou se when Obama took office.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This reflection by American media serves as a great detriment to America and the consequences are felt by the citizens who mainly rely on the media for first hand information. If the media feeds its respondents with one-sided stories it means that the truth will be kept hidden. The only unfairness is to have the media which purports to be neutral and independent but instead it turns out to be the fourth arm of the government (Obama, p.47). The media seemed to have given the Obama’s administration a positive coverage from the first day in office in what they famously called the hundred days in office. A policy started by the former American president Roosevelt who measured his achievement from the first day in power up to the hundredth day. Compared to Clinton and Bush the Obama administration received a posi tive tone from the media. Editors are said to have positively covered Obama’s government as early as the first hundred years in office. Media was said to give Obama, by then a democratic presidential candidate, more coverage than his republican counterpart John Mcain.This criticisms were strongly hurled on almost all media houses but much of the criticism was directed towards CNN (Phillips, P. 12). However, many media houses can defend their positive image by stating that president Obama took power when America was experiencing tough economic crisis which president Obama seems to keenly take interest and positive response which was not the case in nineteen ninety nine when Clinton came into power and the two thousand and one during the Bush regime. What appeared as a bad time for Obama to come into power gave him the admiration of the media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of media coverage of president Obama’s activities specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no doubt that the popular nature of Obama than his predecessor has made him more irresistible by the media. His eloquence, charisma and sensitivity to the felt needs of the majority population of Americans. The low and unfavorable coverage of President Bush gave Obama a savior admiration. Its should be remembered that Obama had to set aside some of his policies to build the image of America in the outside world which included the closure of the Guatanamo Bay and improving the American relation with the Arab world and more specifically the Iraq issue. Obama’s move to withdraw American troops from Iraq to let the Iraq people form their government was highly welcomed by both American and Arabic media (Ahrens, P.8). No wonder his favored coverage has been based on his policies and the mere believe that he is a symbol of change because he is the first black American president. Media bias has been said to b e one of the greatest contributor of Obama’s victory. For instance, it has been alleged that Obama is a smoker but the mainstream media has never stated that in their news. The mainstream media has been blamed for handling Obama with kids gloves instead of perceiving him like any other politician who makes promises and can later break them. The independent investigative role of journalists is being quickly replaced by a worshipful media (King, p.54). Such biased coverage can be traced from the forty two million dollars on budget set for Bush inauguration. This was criticized by the media bitterly but when such amount was set for the Obama’s inauguration it seemed to be accepted by the media and the media did not raise a finger to question that act; while during the time of the Bush he was said to remind the American population of the French extravagant Lois XVI.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We can not sit and wish away this partisan news presentation while it’s rumored that a photographer in Times Magazine works for both the magazine and for the white house. Such conflict of interest in the media will always lead to news being one-sided. The once respected voice of the needy and the opposition during the past regimes has now changed into a praising tool of the government. Still in the same economic crisis, troops still in Iraq and the rarely talked of Guatanamo bay Issue is pending.(Phillips, P.61). There seems to have been a love affair between the press and Obama. In fact one journalist is said to have said that he had seen many presidents but he couldn’t find fault in president Obama and he didn’t know anyone who hates Obama. The Whitehouse is criticized for choosing the journalists to ask questions in a press conference. The pro-government journalists are selected while others are left (Philips, p. 64). On a critical point like the May first ki lling of Osama Bin Laden, the mainstream media wasted its time to promote its partial news reporting when they kept showing how the killing of Osama would boast Obamas popularity. The media ought to have looked at that invasion of Pakistan as a serious breach of international law since that was a direct interference with another country’s sovereignty which will for sometime affect the relationship between America and Pakistan. Furthermore the media should have cautioned the honorary American citizens of the dangers of a terrorist threat by Al Qaeda in a move to revenge the death of their leader. Obama is enjoying a messiah treatment in Whitehouse and he must have learned the essential use of media in politics. He seems more smart instead of using force to get their support he instead manipulates them by inviting them for dinner. For maintenance of checks and balances in any country, the government must respect the vibrant role of the press. This marriage of the press by the s tate can not facilitate a healthy state (Calmes, p.44). Despite the major criticism against the mainstream media, the first hundred days contained in depth analyses of the issues ahead of the Obama’s presidential road. For instance, Fox news fully covered the hundred days in office in office by showing the priorities and the challenges facing the Obama’s administration. The BBC world service seemed to make a neutral analysis by conducting an opinion poll to show the high hopes of the American relations being improved. The passing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was impartially covered with factual details on how the Act would help in American economic crisis. It is important to state that at this point the media sufficiently covered the events in a more analytical way to give an educative role which assures a grain of hope in a neutral media (Reid, p.77). The passing of the States Children Health Insurance Program also was faced with much scrutiny by the mainstream media. The direct comparison given of the earlier regimes health care programs portray less partisan mass media. Furthermore, the Led Better law which erupted into major controversies was also considered in its distinct stages before it was passed into law. The media has also taken a fore role to capture the Iraq issue putting a reminder on the Obama administration that the withdrawal of the American troops from the Iraq was to take part during the first hundred days of his coming into power a thing which Obama administration is depicted by the media as shifting the goal posts to be able to convince American citizens that they have not failed. At this point we consider the act of the New York Times to cover the one hundred days achievement in a five days series containing a substantial framework of what was promised within the hundred days and so far what has been achieved (Reid, p. 79). The few neutral media coverage has been seen as a drop of water in a sea cons idering the coverage of the ABC channel which has been dubbed â€Å"All Barrack channel† since the channel seems to have mainly taken a side of being pro Obama in all aspects which leaves the listener with a nagging question of whether the Obama government is all that perfect(MSNBC.com, Para 4). When the prices of gas in U.S were going up during the Bush regime the media was very active in its criticism but a time like today when the gas prices are soaring high no meaningful scrutiny is taking place and the media has feigned blindness hence causing all levels of inference to be drawn on the exact role of the media. The media while pretending to be liberal has tried to paint the obamas regime as facing a hard task hence playing and negotiating the role seeking sympathetic perception. Just like telling Americans to understand that the government cannot deliver since it is in a can’t-help situation. The media is portraying the Obama administration as helpless as per the c ircumstances. Lots of strong sentiments have been put forward calling the Obama administration a manipulator of the media. The sad story is that the mainstream media has been crippled and hence giving the Obama governmenment a chance to not only control the media houses but also divide and rule them. We finally experience the shifting blame game between the different media houses. On the reality part of it, the citizens are forced to watch a media with two sides not knowing which side to support (Calmes, p.49). Still shocked of how the Israel prime minister visited white house and left unmentioned. If the coverage was prohibited the media should have reported that to their listeners but of course it would have changed the view that the government has on the media; a thing that the media could not have risked doing. They prefer breaching their relationship with the listeners rather than reporting what the government doesn’t approve. A decision is already made that if there is a conflict between the government and the interests of the citizens who are the listeners the government’s interest is to prevail. To be critical enough, the much appraised tea demonstration coverage has presented a temptation to the effect that the media is unbiased but the twist awakes great surprise when we learn that the founder of the organization is a great ally of president Obama. It now leads to a very interesting conclusion of the media being the fourth branch of the government (Calmes, p.52). President Obama seems to have gone against the very principles of freedom of speech and the independence of the media ideas he advocated for. Maybe they were sweet words said to win the audience and in turn translate into votes. During his campaign trail he used the press conferences, a thing expected to be reciprocated after him taking office but it took everyone by surprise when he cut the conferences and begun selecting the journalists allowed to ask questions prior to him a llowing such conferences. In the recent gay rights demonstration which took part in the white house neighbourhood, the police were seen chasing the journalists and the reporters a thing not evident in the past. The lack of transparency and the move to suppress media coverage is very new. Is the media trying to make whatever the Obama administration does right? The truth is if such an event occurred during the Bush days there would be much said. The media has been used and abused by the Obama administration and it doesn’t surprise anyone when the government passed laws to shamelessly prohibit and to fully limit the press covering the gulf oil spilling (Obama, p. 35). Propaganda by the media about the recovery program has been aimed at showing not only that the program is effective but how it has already reached the recovery point. This is a great lie because the media impresses the government on a program which is on its knees. The recession is greatly felt and it’s an insult to the American population to feed them with lies of economic recovery while the situation on ground is pathetic and unbearable. President Obama seems to have smartly mastered some rules to play by for instance he followed the protocols of inviting the media at Oval office. His invitations to the press were to create a picture of transparency which is not there in the first place (Obama, p. 26). The presentation of a global warming research with highlights of the dangerous economic times has been received with much praise and excitement from the usual media. Expected though but it is still unbelievable of how environmental issues were being taken lightly by the media. The major controversies on the impact of global warming should at least have been considered and given the attention they deserve. Presentation of the maps and chats from various government departments was supposed to be given a keen analysis to convey the real situation instead of praising the governmentâ€℠¢s effort while the effects of the environmental degradation are felt daily. This present confusion as presented by the media is outrageous. Long before the Labor Department released their figures on the jobs created by the government, the mainstream media had given a full coverage of twenty thousand jobs created by the government for the hundred days in office. This figure was highly questioned and when the department made its release, the results couldn’t match the ones earlier released by the press (Ahrens, p. 17). A strong allegation on the Obama’s administration trying to shift the economic structure into socialism has been ignored by the media intentionally. There has been a new tie between America and China and most importantly with Russsia.Does it means that the media is not aware of such a rumor? Why the loyal silence? The government of president Obama is highly protected and media happens to be the ruthless supporter of the government. Creation of this propag anda and total denial of information can be a time bomb and the effects are tremendous. The recent uprisings in the Arab world have been occasioned by having a media which will not only sieve what to give to their listeners in favor of the government but also defend and follows everything said by the government religiously. The results are devastating and it can take decades or eternity for a country to heal from the impacts of a revolution (Atlas, 248). Much false hope has been implanted in the minds of the masses on the Obama administration and the media has perfectly enhanced that. After the victory of Obama it was thought to be the end of Iraq like scenarios but we can’t wish that when Libya has been invaded with a clear strategy of removing Gaddaffi from power. The image that the Americans thought was to be improved has grossly been tainted. How does the bad leadership in Libya affect America? It takes the world by surprise when it happens under the watchful eyes of a to othless partisan media. What the media does is to try to sharpen their criticism against another regime while their own regime is not different at all (Phillips, p. 23). Conclusion Amidst much debate on the media coverage of president Obama’s rule, facts have beyond doubt proved that to a larger extent the media has positively covered president Obama. It emanates from the campaign trail whereby the media was rumored to have favored him. The role taken by the press to behave as the fourth wing of the government should be condemned and the country should embark on establishing a fair, free and impartial mass media for full realization of progress in the country Works Cited Ahrens, Frank †Senate Passes Stimulus Bill, 61-37†³. The Washington Post. 2009-02-10. Atlas, John. Seeds of Change: The Story of ACORN, America’s Most Controversial Antipoverty Community Organizing Group. New York, Vanderbilt University Press, 2010. Calmes, Jackie †House Passes Stimulu s Plan Despite G.O.P.Opposition†. The New York Times, January 28, 2009. King, John, Second 100 days will be bigger test for Obama, CNN,  MSNBC.com. â€Å"In First 100 Days, Obama Flips Bush Admin’s Policies, ABC News, Huma. Bush has reached an important milestone†. MSNBC.com. Microsoft. Obama, Barrack ‘Dramatic Action’ Needed Now to Fix Economy†. The New York Times. 2009-01-17. Phillips, Kate. â€Å"Senate Passes Stimulus Bill, 61-37†. The New York Times, 2009-02-10. Reid, Tim â€Å"Barrack Obama lays plans to deaden expectation after election victory†. The Times, 2008-11-01. This essay on Analysis of media coverage of president Obama’s activities was written and submitted by user Zechariah Bradshaw to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Dear Tobacco Company Persuasive Essay

Dear tobacco company, Why do you insist on selling cigarettes? This question should be asked to tobacco companies everywhere. Why do people buy cigarettes? There are many questions we can ask smokers and their providers. Millions of people are dying every day from tobacco products. Cigarettes can cause cancer in your lungs and mouth. The cancer is very deadly, millions die from smoking related diseases each year. Second hand smoke can be worse for you than smoking itself. At least when your smoking you have a filter to block some of the 200+ chemicals that are in a cigarette. Second hand smoke is the full effect of all the harsh chemicals in smoking straight into your lungs so the effects are even greater than smoking. Smoking causes breathing problems such as emphysema and asthma just to name a few. It also causes three known cancers like throat, lung, mouth and perhaps many more. Smoking causes your immune system to weaken the longer you smoke, so you more likely to get very sick and take longer to get over a common cold. Smoking makes your breath really stink and it turns your fingers yellow. So tell me, why should you sell cigarettes? Is the money so great that you forget you can't replace your mom, dad, or your best friend? The danger list goes on and on..., but for now you will sell cigarettes to people and worry about the rest later, Smoking is one of the most addictive drugs out there and it kills millions a year. Thats still alright with you? I'm sorry, saddened and sickened by this fact that is why, I will never smoke. Cigarette smoke contains 4,000 chemical constituents and more than 40 of them are known to cause cancer in humans. Some experts say that it's usually not the nicotine that kills but these other chemicals†¦ Here are just a few ingredients you can find in cigarette smoke: Acetone, Generally used as solvent such as nail ... Free Essays on Dear Tobacco Company 'Persuasive Essay' Free Essays on Dear Tobacco Company 'Persuasive Essay' Dear tobacco company, Why do you insist on selling cigarettes? This question should be asked to tobacco companies everywhere. Why do people buy cigarettes? There are many questions we can ask smokers and their providers. Millions of people are dying every day from tobacco products. Cigarettes can cause cancer in your lungs and mouth. The cancer is very deadly, millions die from smoking related diseases each year. Second hand smoke can be worse for you than smoking itself. At least when your smoking you have a filter to block some of the 200+ chemicals that are in a cigarette. Second hand smoke is the full effect of all the harsh chemicals in smoking straight into your lungs so the effects are even greater than smoking. Smoking causes breathing problems such as emphysema and asthma just to name a few. It also causes three known cancers like throat, lung, mouth and perhaps many more. Smoking causes your immune system to weaken the longer you smoke, so you more likely to get very sick and take longer to get over a common cold. Smoking makes your breath really stink and it turns your fingers yellow. So tell me, why should you sell cigarettes? Is the money so great that you forget you can't replace your mom, dad, or your best friend? The danger list goes on and on..., but for now you will sell cigarettes to people and worry about the rest later, Smoking is one of the most addictive drugs out there and it kills millions a year. Thats still alright with you? I'm sorry, saddened and sickened by this fact that is why, I will never smoke. Cigarette smoke contains 4,000 chemical constituents and more than 40 of them are known to cause cancer in humans. Some experts say that it's usually not the nicotine that kills but these other chemicals†¦ Here are just a few ingredients you can find in cigarette smoke: Acetone, Generally used as solvent such as nail ...

Importance of joining a national professional nursing organization Assignment

Importance of joining a national professional nursing organization - Assignment Example This organization produces a number of publications in the form of various E-newsletters, HIMSS Books and various journals. The Journal of Healthcare Information Management is one such publication that serves the purpose of providing IT related information to its readers. This organization works to serve humanity by realizing that ambulatory practice is necessary to ensure delivery of accessible, high-quality and cost-effective treatment. Being a not for profit organization, the body engages in ventures that enhances patient care at all levels. Its publications include Care Coordination and Transition Management, Scope & Standards of Practice (Ambulatory & Telehealth) and Core Curriculum for Ambulatory care Nursing. This body takes into consideration the problems of the nursing community as a whole and aims to provide assistance to nearly all the nursing practitioners that reside in the United States. Their publications include Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, which is a scholarly peer review journal. Since occupational health services are extremely important for contribution to the health of workers of industries etc, this body takes into account the problems that are faced by nursing staff that is working in the occupational health. Its journal includes the ‘Workplace Health & Safety

Anything about Cause and Effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anything about Cause and Effect - Essay Example For the most part, the amount of waste and/or trash that is generated in terms of the production of goods and shipment worldwide is not contingent on the actual product itself. Instead, the majority of the trash and waste that is produced is contingent upon the packaging that is utilized to the product. Each and every year hundreds of thousands of tons of packing waste find its way into the landfills of developed and developing nations around the globe. The ultimate cause of all of this is globalization; however, the ultimate fact is that more and more landfills around the globe are filling up with waste products that were never used and only served as a means of transportation or safekeeping great product from one location to another. 1 As a function of understanding this cause-and-effect relationship, the following analysis will discuss how these effects are impacting upon the environment and what can ultimately be done to defend the environment from this unfortunate paradigm. One of the first and most obvious effects of the explosion in packaging waste has to do with the fact that it is being experienced firsthand in landfills around the globe. It is estimated by some scholars that in excess of 40% of all waste products that are disposed of and are ultimately nonbiodegradable are in fact related to product packaging. Accordingly, as the planet now supports in excess of 7 billion individuals, this is an issue that has to be addressed prior to further human development even being considered. Essentially, the wastefulness of product packaging and the focus on the bottom line, instead of the overall environmental impact, is an issue that will doom the planet unless it is addressed.2 Another noticeable impact and the fact that this particular situation espouses is related to the vast deforestation that must necessarily take place in order for much of this packing material to be provided to the end consumer. The most part, packaging material is

Development of College Announcement Notification System

Development of College Announcement Notification System Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction This project proposal is created to propose an IT solution to the student of Sunway University. The main point that the author want to highlight is regarding the efficiencies for student in Sunway University. An example, inefficiencies that occur in posting the announcement that is post on the website or in the notice board, it is hard to inform to the student and also the staff may also forget to post the announcement that will inconvenient for the student itself. In order to solve those problems, the author proposed to create a website as a third party for the staff to post the announcement. The author feel that only a website is very simple and common nowadays, so to improve the effectiveness and give more efficiency, a SMS (Short Messaging Service) feature is added to the system. Every announcement is posted by the SCT Staffs in the website, a SMS notification will be sent to the student that already registered to the website. The content of the SMS just a brief notification abou t the title of the event, venue and time, for more brief detail the students can refer to the website. Other way to notify the students is used Email as an instant notifier, but consider using email as an instant notifier is not really effective because students didnt open their email every day but using the SMS as the instant notifier to notify the students are more effective because most of the student is own and bring their own cell phone, therefore the MS as an instant notifier is more appropriate. Since the advancement of the technology nowadays, using this system will help in reduce the paper usage. Project Objective To give efficiencies for staff of Sunway University who want to post announcement. To use SMS as an instant notifier, for example every announcement post on the website the student will receive a SMS about the annoncement. In long term of view, this system will help in notify student about things that happen in college. Project Scope To become the most useful media for announcement notification. When the system is run it involves the Sunway University students and staffs that want to use the service. The user of the system should be students of Sunway University and staffs. All users that want to use the system have to become member. Methodology Methodology is a formalized approach to implement the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle). There are many different systems development methodologies, and each one is unique based on the order and focus it places on each SDLC phase. Some methodologies are formal standards used y government agencies, while others have been developed by consulting firms to sell to client. Many organizations have internal methodologies that have been honed over the years, and they explain exactly how each phase of the SDLC is to be performed in that company. There are many ways to categorize methodologies. One way is looking at whether they focus on business process or the data that support the business. There are three types of system development methodologies, it is called Structured Design, RAD (Rapid Application Development), and Agile Development. Types of Software Development Methodologies Structured Design This is the first type of system development, it is introduced in 1980s. This methodology adopts the formal step by step approach to the SDLC, it moves logically from one phase to another phase. Waterfall Model This is the original structured design of methodology, with this methodology, the analyst and users proceed in sequence from one phase to the next phase. The key deliverables for each phase are typically very long and are presented to the project sponsor for approval as the project moves from phase to phase. This methodology is referred to as waterfall development because it moves forward from phase to phase in the same manner as a waterfall. Advantages of using waterfall model: It identifies system requirements long before programming begins It minimizes changes to the requirements as the project proceeds. Disadvantages of using waterfall model: The design must be completely specified before programming begins This model required significant rework, if there is a changes in the business environment, in order to going back to the initial phase need to go through each of the subsequent phase in return. Parallel Development This model of methodology attempts to address the problem of long delay between analysis phase and the delivery of the system. Instead of doing design and implementation in sequence, it performs a general design for the whole system and then divides the project into a series of distinct subprojects that can be designed and implemented in parallel. Once all subprojects are complete, there is a final integration of the separate pieces, and the system is delivered. Advantage of using parallel model: It can reduce the schedule time to deliver a system There is less chance of changes in the business environment causing rework Disadvantage of using parallel model: The approach still suffers from problem caused by paper documents It adds new problem, sometimes subprojects arent completely independent; design decisions made in one subproject may affect another subprojects Phased Development In this model, the overall system is divided into a series of version that are developed sequentially. The analysis phase identifies the overall system concept, and the project team, users and system sponsors then categorize the requirement into a series of version. Advantage of using phased model: Quickly getting a useful system into the hands of the users While the system does not perform all the functions the users need at first, it does begin to provide business value sooner than if the system were delivered after completion, as is the case with waterfall or parallel methodology. Disadvantage of using phased model: The users begin to work with the systems that are intentionally incomplete, it is critical to identify the most important and useful feature and include them in the first version, while managing users expectation along the way. Prototyping In this model, it performs the analysis, design and implementation phases concurrently, and all the three phases are performed repeatedly in a cycle until the system is completed. In this methodology, the basics of analysis and design are performed, and work immediately begins on a system prototype, a â€Å"quick and dirty† program that provides a minimal amount of features. Advantage of using prototyping model: It is very quickly provides a system for the users to interact with, even it is not ready for widespread organizational use at first. Reassure the users that the project team is working on the system Helps to more quickly refine real requirements rather than attempting to understand a system specification on paper, the user can interact with the prototype to better understand what it can do and cannot do. Disadvantage of using prototyping model: Its fast paced system releases challenge attempts to conduct careful, methodical analysis. This can cause problems in the development of complex systems because fundamental issues and problems are not recognized until well into the development process. Software Development Methodology Comparison After do research about the types of methodology that is appropriate to be used into the project. The author compared the 4 types of methodology that is compatible with the current development. The following table is the result of using the described methodology to the project. System Characteristic Waterfall Parallel Phased Prototyping Unclear User Requirement Poor Poor Good Excellent Unfamiliar Technology Poor Poor Good Poor Complexity of the System Good Good Good Poor Reliability of the System Good Good Good Poor Short Time Schedule Poor Good Excellent Excellent Schedule Visibility Poor Poor Excellent Excellent Table 1 Methodology Comparison Selecting the appropriate Methodology According to the project objective that the author proposed, author analyze each methodology that is already been researched. The author decides to use the Phased Methodology. The main reason on why the author uses this methodology is because the author would develop this system all by himself and the project will be easier to be built phase by phase. Other considerations in choosing this model are: User Requirement: the requirement of the system is clear, which is to address the problem of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of conventional way in notify the student for announcement. Familiarity with Technology: for designing the website, PHP, VB.Net language technology is going to be used, since it is still in area of the author expertise. System Complexity: the complexity of this project is at medium level, since the author familiar with the technology used in the project so it is not really difficult. However the author still need to do research on certain area of technology, for this case the knowledge of SMS gateway, and how to integrate the web based system with the SMS gateway. Duration: the duration of developing the project is approximately 4 months in order to fully complete the project. Development Method: it is a web based application that is built using the PHP, and VB.NET as the programming language. Area of Research Certain areas that we research for this project are: How to create easy and manageable database system? What is SMS (Short Message Service) portal and SMS (Short Message Service) gateway? How to integrate web based system with SMS portal? How to create easy and manageable database system? This part is one of the crucial parts in order to make a good web based application system. Therefore, creating an easy and manageable database system is really important. The database system that the author used to manage the College Announcement System web based application is MySQL. Several reasons become the consideration of choosing the MySQL software are, first reason is because the main programming language system that the author built is using the PHP technology, and PHP language has an integrated connector that able to connect it to SQL. Second reason, MySQL is open source software so it is free for download, it is will help in determining the project cost development. There is other software which is better than MySQL but looked back at the scope of the project; this is just an undergraduate project, then the author decides that using MySQL software is a wiser choice. The third reason, the author already took the MySQL subject during the study in Sunway University College, which is still in the author expertise. However, if this system wants to be implemented into the real organization, further study to create easy and manageable design is needed. When the project is already on the run, this would be very beneficial in doing maintenance of the application system. How to integrate the Web based System with SMS portal? As most people known that SMS is the most famous service that a mobile phone give. It is a service where the users able to send short text message from a mobile phone to another mobile phone. Basically the SMS would not work with just the mobile phone itself, it I because the Mobile Phone Network Operator that give the service so the SMS can be delivered to the recipient by the help of the mobile phone device as the medium to type the message. The SMS can travel all the way from the sender device to the recipient device must go through a pathway through a network called SMSC (Short Message Service Centre). SMSC works as a hardware that stores the SMS that is sent from a mobile phone then forward it again to the recipient. From the early of 1990s, the era when the first SMS is sent through the network using the mobile phone device. Nowadays with the advancement of the technology, SMS not only can be done through using mobile phone but can be integrated in other application such as web based application system, using the SMS gateway technology. However, the SMS that is sent still have to go through SMSC, which is still needed to use the SIM Card that is given by the mobile network operator. SMS gateway act as a bridge the platform that cannot use the mobile phone SIM Card to use the mobile service by using the GSM modem, in this case the mobile service is to send the SMS. The mobile SIM Card will be inserted into the GSM modem. GSM modem will act as the third party to connect to the SMSC. The web based application store the message that will be sent into the database, and the GSM will retrieve the data from the database and ready to send the SMS to the destination number. The basic function of SMS and e mail is the same, for email the sender need to enter the destination email and for SMS the sender need to enter the destination phone number. The difference is why SMS is more popular than email is because it is mobile and user can send and receive SMS wherever they are. The mobile advantage of using SMS is the reason that makes the author choose the SMS application system to be added into the College Announcement Notification system instead of using email. Another reason the author choose to use SMS is because most of the students in Sunway didnt have mobile phone that can handles in receiving and sending email, but most of the students have mobile phone that enable them to send and receive SMS. Therefore, using the SMS as additional software into College Announcement Notification system is the best choice, and the author also learn to use the GSM modem and the implementation of it into the system. Software / Hardware Requirements In order to make this project successful there are some hardware and software which is required to use in order to complete the project are: Software and Hardware requirement to develop the system. Software: SQL YOG: is the database software that the author chose to be implemented inside the College Announcement Notification system. SQL Yog had the user friendly interface and it is open source software. XAMPP: this software is applied as the localhost to compile the web based application. Adobe Dreamweaver: is the software that makes it easier to edit the coding for PHP, JAVA. Hardware: PC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification: Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDD Software and Hardware Requirement to run the system. User Side Hardware Requirement: PC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification: Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDD User Side Software Requirement: Web browser: Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etc Server Side Hardware Requirement: PC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification: Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDD GSM Modem Server Side Software Requirement: Adobe Dreamweaver SQL Yog Web Browser: Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etc XAMPP Server side software requirement is needed to do the regular maintenance on the system. The development software might be needed to fix error that might be occurred when the system on the run. Chapter 2: Literature Review Literature Review Literature Review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that is currently undergo. The author currently did a project; College Announcement Notification System is the project. College Announcement Notification System is a web based application system, which is proposed as a solution to Sunway University College regarding the poor information flow in Sunway University College especially School of Computer Technology. The author chose to propose the solution only to School of Computer Technology because of the course that currently taken is under it. College Announcement Notification System is a web based application, it is hoped the system would work perfectly and increasing the information flow within School of Computer Technology (SCT). The users of the system able to access the College Announcement Notification System via laptop or PC, as long there is an internet connection. The author think if it just a normal website, there is no uniqueness that makes my project different than the others. After doing research, the author decided to add the SMS feature as the instant notification system. Integrate the system with SMS feature; means need to deal with SMS gateway. The author aware that using the SMS feature is almost the same like adding the Email as the instant notification where the system is able to send automatically the posted announcement that is already posted in the website. Email is an electronic mail that worked same like a normal mail, where the users need to write the content of the letter, after that the address of the recipient is a must for the users to add. Email enables users to send and receive electronically over the internet. SMS and Email basically is the same, it contains text and to send it need to know the exact recipient email address for email and phone number for SMS. There are many email server company that is give services for the users to send and receive email such as Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Go ogle Mail, etc. There is also an application that handles email such as Microsoft Outlook. Some advantages that email could give are emails is free for users to use like send and receive mail, it can contains richer message contents than the conventional mail did. However from the advantages that an email, there are also a few disadvantages of emails. With the advancement of the technology nowadays, the previous email only can sent the words but nowadays, users can sent not only words but can attach richer media such as picture, video, file, etc. This advantages of email were misused by some people, it enable them to send virus, malicious software, spam that can harm the recipients PC or laptop. In order to overcome this security issue, the email provider companies try many ways to increase the security but the spammer can overcome the security and still sent the spam email that may contain virus and malicious software. Using the email as an instant notification to the College Announcement Notification System is a good choice but users may not open their own email daily, usually users open their email whenever the feel like to open it. Therefore, the author proposed to use the SMS system as the instant notification. There are few reasons that become the considerations of choosing SMS to be implemented. First reason, the project is a notification system so SMS is the best choice because after the sender sent it then the recipients received it in instant. Second reason, if using email the recipients of the email need to open their own laptop or PC, and then open the email service web page, it will takes time and not instant. Most of the students nowadays had their own mobile phone and they carry their mobile phone everywhere they go, so it is one of the reason why the author choose to use SMS as an instant notification. Mobile phone user aware that open a SMS is faster than open an Email. Nowadays, ma ny mobile phone producers now produced a new mobile phone that can handles in send or receive an email. However mobile phone that can handles send and receive email is still too expensive for the most of the mobile phone users only a few that can afford that. But if the SMS only, most of the mobile phone users able to send and receive that because it is the basic function that the mobile phone offer. SMS (Short Messaging Service) As most people known, SMS is a protocol used in communication that gives way to exchange of short message from one mobile phone to another mobile phone (tech-faq.com, 2009). Nowadays mobile phone takes an important part because it provides connections to the others that in the past impossible to do. The main usage of the mobile phone is to enable users to make a phone call wherever and whenever they are, beside used to call others; other main function of mobile phone that is growing rapidly is the usage of SMS service. SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a technology that enables the sending and receiving of messages between mobile phones. SMS first appeared in Europe in 1992. It was included in the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to wireless technologies like CDMA and TDMA. The GSM and SMS standards were originally developed by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the GSM and SMS standards. As suggested by the name Short Message Service, the data that can be held by an SMS message is very limited. One SMS message can contain at most 140 bytes (1120 bits) of data, so one SMS message can contain up to: 160 characters if 7-bit character encoding is used. (7-bit character encoding is suitable for encoding Latin characters like English alphabets.) 70 characters if 16-bit Unicode UCS2 character encoding is used. (SMS text messages containing non-Latin characters like Chinese characters should use 16-bit character encoding.) SMS text messaging supports languages internationally. It works fine with all languages supported by Unicode, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Besides text, SMS messages can also carry binary data. It is possible to send ringtones, pictures, operator logos, wallpapers, animations, business cards (e.g. VCards) and WAP configurations to a mobile phone with SMS messages. One major advantage of SMS is that it is supported by 100% GSM mobile phones. Almost all subscription plans provided by wireless carriers include inexpensive SMS messaging service. Unlike SMS, mobile technologies such as WAP and mobile Java are not supported on many old mobile phone models. (developershome.com, 2008) Usage of SMS As the mobile voice communication market approaches saturation, carriers are focusing on messaging as crucial value -added service to garner more mobile subscribers and generate greater market revenue. Specifically, SMS (Short Messaging Service) is emerging as one of the most important asynchronous communication that carriers provide. It is projected that in 2009 U.S subscribers will send over 126 billion messages via their mobile phone device, generating $8.6 billion revenues (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008). Nowadays, people are presented with a wide variety of communication media such as email, instant messaging (IM), etc. To date, most researchers have focused on the use of SMS by teenager and young adult. Recently as SMS become the needs in our daily lives, older people also recognized the convenience of using SMS. It has been reported that over 74% of the mobile phone users worldwide is using SMS text messaging (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008). How does the SMS works? Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly sending and receiving information. It is talking to its cell phone tower over a pathway called acontrol channel. The reason for this chatter is so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in, and so that your phone can change cells as you move around. Every so often, your phone and the tower will exchange a packetof data that lets both of them know that everything is OK. Your phone also uses the control channel for call setup. When someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play itsringtone. The tower also gives your phone a pair of voice channel frequencies to use for the call. The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. When a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination. (howstuffworks.com, 2005) The SME (Short Message Entity), which is typically a mobile phone or a GSM modem, can be located in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages. The SME was sent to the SMSC.TheSMSC (Short Message Service Center)is the entity which does the job of store and forward of messages to and from the mobile station. After receiving the SME, then SMSC sent the SME to the SMS GMSC. TheSMS GMSC(SMS gateway MSC (Mobile Switching Center)) is a gateway so that MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile networks point of contact with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register. HLRis the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC. MSC(Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network which does the job of switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed network. AVLR(Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information from the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTSs), which transmits the short message to the mobile. The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on. (logixmobile.com) How to send SMS using a computer? After done some research about how the SMS works, there are several ways in sending SMS using computer, they are (developershome.com, 2008): Connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer / PC. Then use the computer / PC and VB commands to instruct the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS message. Connect the computer / PC to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier or SMS service provider. Then send SMS messages using a protocol / interface supported by the SMSC or SMS gateway. Connection between mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to computer using VB command for sent SMS A GSM/GPRS modem is a wireless modem that works with GSM/GPRS wireless networks. A wireless modem is similar to a dial-up modem. The main difference is that a wireless modem transmits data through a wireless network whereas a dial-up modem transmits data through a copper telephone line. To send SMS messages, first place a valid SIM card from a wireless carrier into a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem, which is then connected to a computer. There are several ways to connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer. For example, they can be connected through a serial cable, a USB cable, a Bluetooth link or an infrared link. The actual way to use depends on the capability of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. After connecting a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer, you can control the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem by sending instructions to it. The instructions used for controlling the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem are called by using VB commands. The above figure showed the process of sending SMS using the VB application. In this case, the system that the author developed is using PHP that act as the third party to store the announcement data inside the database. After finish with the stored announcement, VB application is used to instruct the GSM modem to send SMS. As shown in the figure above, VB application will retrieve the stored data that will be sent as SMS. Then after retrieving the data, it will be sent to through SMS gateway until it arrived in the hand of the recipient. One of the benefits from using the VB application to send SMS is users will have a very reliable notification system, because before sending SMS intended recipient can be configured so it is received at the intended recipient. Using a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS messages has a major drawback, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. Only 6-10 SMS messages can be sent per minute (when the SMS over GSM mode is used). The performance is not affected by the connection between the computer and the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is connected to the computer through a serial cable, USB cable, Bluetooth link or infrared link) and does not depend on whether a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is used (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter a mobile phone or a GSM/GPRS modem is used). The determining factor for the SMS sending rate is the wireless network. (developershome.com, 2008) Send SMS from Computer through SMS Gateway The way for sending SMS messages from a computer through a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem has a major limitation, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. If you need a high SMS sending rate, obtaining a direct connection to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier is necessary. It can be difficult for small businesses or individual application developers to obtain a direct connection to the SMSC or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier since a wireless carrier may only provide such service to those who have huge SMS traffic. Buying SMS messages in bulk means the total fee will be very high (although the fee per SMS message will be low). (deve Development of College Announcement Notification System Development of College Announcement Notification System Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction This project proposal is created to propose an IT solution to the student of Sunway University. The main point that the author want to highlight is regarding the efficiencies for student in Sunway University. An example, inefficiencies that occur in posting the announcement that is post on the website or in the notice board, it is hard to inform to the student and also the staff may also forget to post the announcement that will inconvenient for the student itself. In order to solve those problems, the author proposed to create a website as a third party for the staff to post the announcement. The author feel that only a website is very simple and common nowadays, so to improve the effectiveness and give more efficiency, a SMS (Short Messaging Service) feature is added to the system. Every announcement is posted by the SCT Staffs in the website, a SMS notification will be sent to the student that already registered to the website. The content of the SMS just a brief notification abou t the title of the event, venue and time, for more brief detail the students can refer to the website. Other way to notify the students is used Email as an instant notifier, but consider using email as an instant notifier is not really effective because students didnt open their email every day but using the SMS as the instant notifier to notify the students are more effective because most of the student is own and bring their own cell phone, therefore the MS as an instant notifier is more appropriate. Since the advancement of the technology nowadays, using this system will help in reduce the paper usage. Project Objective To give efficiencies for staff of Sunway University who want to post announcement. To use SMS as an instant notifier, for example every announcement post on the website the student will receive a SMS about the annoncement. In long term of view, this system will help in notify student about things that happen in college. Project Scope To become the most useful media for announcement notification. When the system is run it involves the Sunway University students and staffs that want to use the service. The user of the system should be students of Sunway University and staffs. All users that want to use the system have to become member. Methodology Methodology is a formalized approach to implement the SDLC (System Development Life Cycle). There are many different systems development methodologies, and each one is unique based on the order and focus it places on each SDLC phase. Some methodologies are formal standards used y government agencies, while others have been developed by consulting firms to sell to client. Many organizations have internal methodologies that have been honed over the years, and they explain exactly how each phase of the SDLC is to be performed in that company. There are many ways to categorize methodologies. One way is looking at whether they focus on business process or the data that support the business. There are three types of system development methodologies, it is called Structured Design, RAD (Rapid Application Development), and Agile Development. Types of Software Development Methodologies Structured Design This is the first type of system development, it is introduced in 1980s. This methodology adopts the formal step by step approach to the SDLC, it moves logically from one phase to another phase. Waterfall Model This is the original structured design of methodology, with this methodology, the analyst and users proceed in sequence from one phase to the next phase. The key deliverables for each phase are typically very long and are presented to the project sponsor for approval as the project moves from phase to phase. This methodology is referred to as waterfall development because it moves forward from phase to phase in the same manner as a waterfall. Advantages of using waterfall model: It identifies system requirements long before programming begins It minimizes changes to the requirements as the project proceeds. Disadvantages of using waterfall model: The design must be completely specified before programming begins This model required significant rework, if there is a changes in the business environment, in order to going back to the initial phase need to go through each of the subsequent phase in return. Parallel Development This model of methodology attempts to address the problem of long delay between analysis phase and the delivery of the system. Instead of doing design and implementation in sequence, it performs a general design for the whole system and then divides the project into a series of distinct subprojects that can be designed and implemented in parallel. Once all subprojects are complete, there is a final integration of the separate pieces, and the system is delivered. Advantage of using parallel model: It can reduce the schedule time to deliver a system There is less chance of changes in the business environment causing rework Disadvantage of using parallel model: The approach still suffers from problem caused by paper documents It adds new problem, sometimes subprojects arent completely independent; design decisions made in one subproject may affect another subprojects Phased Development In this model, the overall system is divided into a series of version that are developed sequentially. The analysis phase identifies the overall system concept, and the project team, users and system sponsors then categorize the requirement into a series of version. Advantage of using phased model: Quickly getting a useful system into the hands of the users While the system does not perform all the functions the users need at first, it does begin to provide business value sooner than if the system were delivered after completion, as is the case with waterfall or parallel methodology. Disadvantage of using phased model: The users begin to work with the systems that are intentionally incomplete, it is critical to identify the most important and useful feature and include them in the first version, while managing users expectation along the way. Prototyping In this model, it performs the analysis, design and implementation phases concurrently, and all the three phases are performed repeatedly in a cycle until the system is completed. In this methodology, the basics of analysis and design are performed, and work immediately begins on a system prototype, a â€Å"quick and dirty† program that provides a minimal amount of features. Advantage of using prototyping model: It is very quickly provides a system for the users to interact with, even it is not ready for widespread organizational use at first. Reassure the users that the project team is working on the system Helps to more quickly refine real requirements rather than attempting to understand a system specification on paper, the user can interact with the prototype to better understand what it can do and cannot do. Disadvantage of using prototyping model: Its fast paced system releases challenge attempts to conduct careful, methodical analysis. This can cause problems in the development of complex systems because fundamental issues and problems are not recognized until well into the development process. Software Development Methodology Comparison After do research about the types of methodology that is appropriate to be used into the project. The author compared the 4 types of methodology that is compatible with the current development. The following table is the result of using the described methodology to the project. System Characteristic Waterfall Parallel Phased Prototyping Unclear User Requirement Poor Poor Good Excellent Unfamiliar Technology Poor Poor Good Poor Complexity of the System Good Good Good Poor Reliability of the System Good Good Good Poor Short Time Schedule Poor Good Excellent Excellent Schedule Visibility Poor Poor Excellent Excellent Table 1 Methodology Comparison Selecting the appropriate Methodology According to the project objective that the author proposed, author analyze each methodology that is already been researched. The author decides to use the Phased Methodology. The main reason on why the author uses this methodology is because the author would develop this system all by himself and the project will be easier to be built phase by phase. Other considerations in choosing this model are: User Requirement: the requirement of the system is clear, which is to address the problem of inefficiency and ineffectiveness of conventional way in notify the student for announcement. Familiarity with Technology: for designing the website, PHP, VB.Net language technology is going to be used, since it is still in area of the author expertise. System Complexity: the complexity of this project is at medium level, since the author familiar with the technology used in the project so it is not really difficult. However the author still need to do research on certain area of technology, for this case the knowledge of SMS gateway, and how to integrate the web based system with the SMS gateway. Duration: the duration of developing the project is approximately 4 months in order to fully complete the project. Development Method: it is a web based application that is built using the PHP, and VB.NET as the programming language. Area of Research Certain areas that we research for this project are: How to create easy and manageable database system? What is SMS (Short Message Service) portal and SMS (Short Message Service) gateway? How to integrate web based system with SMS portal? How to create easy and manageable database system? This part is one of the crucial parts in order to make a good web based application system. Therefore, creating an easy and manageable database system is really important. The database system that the author used to manage the College Announcement System web based application is MySQL. Several reasons become the consideration of choosing the MySQL software are, first reason is because the main programming language system that the author built is using the PHP technology, and PHP language has an integrated connector that able to connect it to SQL. Second reason, MySQL is open source software so it is free for download, it is will help in determining the project cost development. There is other software which is better than MySQL but looked back at the scope of the project; this is just an undergraduate project, then the author decides that using MySQL software is a wiser choice. The third reason, the author already took the MySQL subject during the study in Sunway University College, which is still in the author expertise. However, if this system wants to be implemented into the real organization, further study to create easy and manageable design is needed. When the project is already on the run, this would be very beneficial in doing maintenance of the application system. How to integrate the Web based System with SMS portal? As most people known that SMS is the most famous service that a mobile phone give. It is a service where the users able to send short text message from a mobile phone to another mobile phone. Basically the SMS would not work with just the mobile phone itself, it I because the Mobile Phone Network Operator that give the service so the SMS can be delivered to the recipient by the help of the mobile phone device as the medium to type the message. The SMS can travel all the way from the sender device to the recipient device must go through a pathway through a network called SMSC (Short Message Service Centre). SMSC works as a hardware that stores the SMS that is sent from a mobile phone then forward it again to the recipient. From the early of 1990s, the era when the first SMS is sent through the network using the mobile phone device. Nowadays with the advancement of the technology, SMS not only can be done through using mobile phone but can be integrated in other application such as web based application system, using the SMS gateway technology. However, the SMS that is sent still have to go through SMSC, which is still needed to use the SIM Card that is given by the mobile network operator. SMS gateway act as a bridge the platform that cannot use the mobile phone SIM Card to use the mobile service by using the GSM modem, in this case the mobile service is to send the SMS. The mobile SIM Card will be inserted into the GSM modem. GSM modem will act as the third party to connect to the SMSC. The web based application store the message that will be sent into the database, and the GSM will retrieve the data from the database and ready to send the SMS to the destination number. The basic function of SMS and e mail is the same, for email the sender need to enter the destination email and for SMS the sender need to enter the destination phone number. The difference is why SMS is more popular than email is because it is mobile and user can send and receive SMS wherever they are. The mobile advantage of using SMS is the reason that makes the author choose the SMS application system to be added into the College Announcement Notification system instead of using email. Another reason the author choose to use SMS is because most of the students in Sunway didnt have mobile phone that can handles in receiving and sending email, but most of the students have mobile phone that enable them to send and receive SMS. Therefore, using the SMS as additional software into College Announcement Notification system is the best choice, and the author also learn to use the GSM modem and the implementation of it into the system. Software / Hardware Requirements In order to make this project successful there are some hardware and software which is required to use in order to complete the project are: Software and Hardware requirement to develop the system. Software: SQL YOG: is the database software that the author chose to be implemented inside the College Announcement Notification system. SQL Yog had the user friendly interface and it is open source software. XAMPP: this software is applied as the localhost to compile the web based application. Adobe Dreamweaver: is the software that makes it easier to edit the coding for PHP, JAVA. Hardware: PC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification: Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDD Software and Hardware Requirement to run the system. User Side Hardware Requirement: PC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification: Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDD User Side Software Requirement: Web browser: Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etc Server Side Hardware Requirement: PC (with mouse, keyboard, monitor) / laptop with minimum specification: Intel Core Duo processor(1.66Hz), 1GB RAM, 60GB 5400 RPM HDD GSM Modem Server Side Software Requirement: Adobe Dreamweaver SQL Yog Web Browser: Mozilla Firefox, IE, Google Chrome, etc XAMPP Server side software requirement is needed to do the regular maintenance on the system. The development software might be needed to fix error that might be occurred when the system on the run. Chapter 2: Literature Review Literature Review Literature Review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that is currently undergo. The author currently did a project; College Announcement Notification System is the project. College Announcement Notification System is a web based application system, which is proposed as a solution to Sunway University College regarding the poor information flow in Sunway University College especially School of Computer Technology. The author chose to propose the solution only to School of Computer Technology because of the course that currently taken is under it. College Announcement Notification System is a web based application, it is hoped the system would work perfectly and increasing the information flow within School of Computer Technology (SCT). The users of the system able to access the College Announcement Notification System via laptop or PC, as long there is an internet connection. The author think if it just a normal website, there is no uniqueness that makes my project different than the others. After doing research, the author decided to add the SMS feature as the instant notification system. Integrate the system with SMS feature; means need to deal with SMS gateway. The author aware that using the SMS feature is almost the same like adding the Email as the instant notification where the system is able to send automatically the posted announcement that is already posted in the website. Email is an electronic mail that worked same like a normal mail, where the users need to write the content of the letter, after that the address of the recipient is a must for the users to add. Email enables users to send and receive electronically over the internet. SMS and Email basically is the same, it contains text and to send it need to know the exact recipient email address for email and phone number for SMS. There are many email server company that is give services for the users to send and receive email such as Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, Go ogle Mail, etc. There is also an application that handles email such as Microsoft Outlook. Some advantages that email could give are emails is free for users to use like send and receive mail, it can contains richer message contents than the conventional mail did. However from the advantages that an email, there are also a few disadvantages of emails. With the advancement of the technology nowadays, the previous email only can sent the words but nowadays, users can sent not only words but can attach richer media such as picture, video, file, etc. This advantages of email were misused by some people, it enable them to send virus, malicious software, spam that can harm the recipients PC or laptop. In order to overcome this security issue, the email provider companies try many ways to increase the security but the spammer can overcome the security and still sent the spam email that may contain virus and malicious software. Using the email as an instant notification to the College Announcement Notification System is a good choice but users may not open their own email daily, usually users open their email whenever the feel like to open it. Therefore, the author proposed to use the SMS system as the instant notification. There are few reasons that become the considerations of choosing SMS to be implemented. First reason, the project is a notification system so SMS is the best choice because after the sender sent it then the recipients received it in instant. Second reason, if using email the recipients of the email need to open their own laptop or PC, and then open the email service web page, it will takes time and not instant. Most of the students nowadays had their own mobile phone and they carry their mobile phone everywhere they go, so it is one of the reason why the author choose to use SMS as an instant notification. Mobile phone user aware that open a SMS is faster than open an Email. Nowadays, ma ny mobile phone producers now produced a new mobile phone that can handles in send or receive an email. However mobile phone that can handles send and receive email is still too expensive for the most of the mobile phone users only a few that can afford that. But if the SMS only, most of the mobile phone users able to send and receive that because it is the basic function that the mobile phone offer. SMS (Short Messaging Service) As most people known, SMS is a protocol used in communication that gives way to exchange of short message from one mobile phone to another mobile phone (tech-faq.com, 2009). Nowadays mobile phone takes an important part because it provides connections to the others that in the past impossible to do. The main usage of the mobile phone is to enable users to make a phone call wherever and whenever they are, beside used to call others; other main function of mobile phone that is growing rapidly is the usage of SMS service. SMS stands for Short Message Service. It is a technology that enables the sending and receiving of messages between mobile phones. SMS first appeared in Europe in 1992. It was included in the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) standards right at the beginning. Later it was ported to wireless technologies like CDMA and TDMA. The GSM and SMS standards were originally developed by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the GSM and SMS standards. As suggested by the name Short Message Service, the data that can be held by an SMS message is very limited. One SMS message can contain at most 140 bytes (1120 bits) of data, so one SMS message can contain up to: 160 characters if 7-bit character encoding is used. (7-bit character encoding is suitable for encoding Latin characters like English alphabets.) 70 characters if 16-bit Unicode UCS2 character encoding is used. (SMS text messages containing non-Latin characters like Chinese characters should use 16-bit character encoding.) SMS text messaging supports languages internationally. It works fine with all languages supported by Unicode, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Besides text, SMS messages can also carry binary data. It is possible to send ringtones, pictures, operator logos, wallpapers, animations, business cards (e.g. VCards) and WAP configurations to a mobile phone with SMS messages. One major advantage of SMS is that it is supported by 100% GSM mobile phones. Almost all subscription plans provided by wireless carriers include inexpensive SMS messaging service. Unlike SMS, mobile technologies such as WAP and mobile Java are not supported on many old mobile phone models. (developershome.com, 2008) Usage of SMS As the mobile voice communication market approaches saturation, carriers are focusing on messaging as crucial value -added service to garner more mobile subscribers and generate greater market revenue. Specifically, SMS (Short Messaging Service) is emerging as one of the most important asynchronous communication that carriers provide. It is projected that in 2009 U.S subscribers will send over 126 billion messages via their mobile phone device, generating $8.6 billion revenues (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008). Nowadays, people are presented with a wide variety of communication media such as email, instant messaging (IM), etc. To date, most researchers have focused on the use of SMS by teenager and young adult. Recently as SMS become the needs in our daily lives, older people also recognized the convenience of using SMS. It has been reported that over 74% of the mobile phone users worldwide is using SMS text messaging (Deng, Sun, Turner, Prince, 2008). How does the SMS works? Even if you are not talking on your cell phone, your phone is constantly sending and receiving information. It is talking to its cell phone tower over a pathway called acontrol channel. The reason for this chatter is so that the cell phone system knows which cell your phone is in, and so that your phone can change cells as you move around. Every so often, your phone and the tower will exchange a packetof data that lets both of them know that everything is OK. Your phone also uses the control channel for call setup. When someone tries to call you, the tower sends your phone a message over the control channel that tells your phone to play itsringtone. The tower also gives your phone a pair of voice channel frequencies to use for the call. The control channel also provides the pathway for SMS messages. When a friend sends you an SMS message, the message flows through the SMSC, then to the tower, and the tower sends the message to your phone as a little packet of data on the control channel. In the same way, when you send a message, your phone sends it to the tower on the control channel and it goes from the tower to the SMSC and from there to its destination. (howstuffworks.com, 2005) The SME (Short Message Entity), which is typically a mobile phone or a GSM modem, can be located in the fixed network or a mobile station, receives and sends short messages. The SME was sent to the SMSC.TheSMSC (Short Message Service Center)is the entity which does the job of store and forward of messages to and from the mobile station. After receiving the SME, then SMSC sent the SME to the SMS GMSC. TheSMS GMSC(SMS gateway MSC (Mobile Switching Center)) is a gateway so that MSC that can also receive short messages. The gateway MSC is a mobile networks point of contact with other networks. On receiving the short message from the short message center, GMSC uses the SS7 network to interrogate the current position of the mobile station form the HLR, the home location register. HLRis the main database in a mobile network. It holds information of the subscription profile of the mobile and also about the routing information for the subscriber, i.e. the area (covered by a MSC) where the mobile is currently situated. The GMSC is thus able to pass on the message to the correct MSC. MSC(Mobile Switching Center) is the entity in a GSM network which does the job of switching connections between mobile stations or between mobile stations and the fixed network. AVLR(Visitor Location Register) corresponds to each MSC and contains temporary information about the mobile, information like mobile identification and the cell (or a group of cells) where the mobile is currently situated. Using information from the VLR the MSC is able to switch the information (short message) to the corresponding BSS (Base Station System, BSC + BTSs), which transmits the short message to the mobile. The BSS consists of transceivers, which send and receive information over the air interface, to and from the mobile station. This information is passed over the signaling channels so the mobile can receive messages even if a voice or data call is going on. (logixmobile.com) How to send SMS using a computer? After done some research about how the SMS works, there are several ways in sending SMS using computer, they are (developershome.com, 2008): Connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer / PC. Then use the computer / PC and VB commands to instruct the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS message. Connect the computer / PC to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier or SMS service provider. Then send SMS messages using a protocol / interface supported by the SMSC or SMS gateway. Connection between mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to computer using VB command for sent SMS A GSM/GPRS modem is a wireless modem that works with GSM/GPRS wireless networks. A wireless modem is similar to a dial-up modem. The main difference is that a wireless modem transmits data through a wireless network whereas a dial-up modem transmits data through a copper telephone line. To send SMS messages, first place a valid SIM card from a wireless carrier into a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem, which is then connected to a computer. There are several ways to connect a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer. For example, they can be connected through a serial cable, a USB cable, a Bluetooth link or an infrared link. The actual way to use depends on the capability of the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem. After connecting a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to a computer, you can control the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem by sending instructions to it. The instructions used for controlling the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem are called by using VB commands. The above figure showed the process of sending SMS using the VB application. In this case, the system that the author developed is using PHP that act as the third party to store the announcement data inside the database. After finish with the stored announcement, VB application is used to instruct the GSM modem to send SMS. As shown in the figure above, VB application will retrieve the stored data that will be sent as SMS. Then after retrieving the data, it will be sent to through SMS gateway until it arrived in the hand of the recipient. One of the benefits from using the VB application to send SMS is users will have a very reliable notification system, because before sending SMS intended recipient can be configured so it is received at the intended recipient. Using a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem to send SMS messages has a major drawback, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. Only 6-10 SMS messages can be sent per minute (when the SMS over GSM mode is used). The performance is not affected by the connection between the computer and the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter the mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is connected to the computer through a serial cable, USB cable, Bluetooth link or infrared link) and does not depend on whether a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem is used (i.e. the SMS sending rate is about the same no matter a mobile phone or a GSM/GPRS modem is used). The determining factor for the SMS sending rate is the wireless network. (developershome.com, 2008) Send SMS from Computer through SMS Gateway The way for sending SMS messages from a computer through a mobile phone or GSM/GPRS modem has a major limitation, which is the SMS sending rate is too low. If you need a high SMS sending rate, obtaining a direct connection to the SMS center (SMSC) or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier is necessary. It can be difficult for small businesses or individual application developers to obtain a direct connection to the SMSC or SMS gateway of a wireless carrier since a wireless carrier may only provide such service to those who have huge SMS traffic. Buying SMS messages in bulk means the total fee will be very high (although the fee per SMS message will be low). (deve