Essay --

Final Examination (2) Discuss the three approaches to property valuation. What is the process of each? When might it be better to use one approach over the other? The three approaches to property valuation are: comparable sales approach (market data approach); income approach; and cost summation approach. Comparable sales approach is determined by using recent sales of similar properties to the one being assessed. This estimates true property value by comparing the property that is in question to others that have been recently sold and then making the adjustments as needed. The idea is that you need to find market areas that have relative or same economic status. Once this process is done then you can group the â€Å"parcels† in different categories, i.e. size, year it was built, the size of the lot, etc. The book says that the property that is not sold is compared to similar property that a market value can be observed and then infers a value. (LJJ, 155) It is common in jurisdictions to assess parcels as a percentage or fraction of the full market value. In theory it does not make a difference if the full value or fractioned value is assessed, the outcome should be the same. When using fractional assessment you need to use a higher tax rate than using market value assessment. This seems to make taxpayers more comfortable but can lead to problems if different fractions are used in the same jurisdiction. Another problem is that this approach requires a large number of sales and can be time consuming if done annually or for the first time. This approach is great for residential properties. The income approach converts the future returns from ownership of a â€Å"parcel† into their present value equivalent. This approach can be done by c... ...edit of the issuing government. This non-guaranteed bond is backed by a certain business-like government activity and not a larger government entity that has taxing powers. Some revenue bonds can have lower interest rates than obligation bonds. If for example a water district with a excellent history of borrowing may have a lower interest rate than a general obligation bond with a declining property tax and low personal income. (LJJ, 492) Unlike obligation bonds these types of bonds generally do not need or require a popular vote and are repaid by the users f the service. This means that no tax dollars are directly used which is considered a good thing. The more costly of the two bonds are revenue bonds because they generally have higher interest rates. If there was a default on the general obligation bonds then taxes would have to be raised which is less popular.

Symbolic Healing in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison Bel

Symbolic Healing in Beloved  Ã‚     Toni Morrison’s powerful novel Beloved is based on the aftermath of slavery and the horrific burden of slavery’s hidden sins.   Morrison chooses to depict the characters that were brutalized in the life of slavery as strong-willed and capable of overcoming such trauma.   This is made possible through the healing of many significant characters, especially Sethe.   Sethe is relieved of her painful agony of escaping Sweet Home as well as dealing with pregnancy with the help of young Amy Denver and Baby Suggs.   Paul D’s contributions to the symbolic healing take place in the attempt to help her erase the past.   Denver plays the most significant role in Sethe’s healing in that she brings the community’s support to her mother and claims her own individuality in the process.   Putting her trust in other people is the only way Sethe is able to relieve herself of her haunted past and suffering body.   Morrison demonstrates that to overcom e the scars of slavery, one must place themselves in the hands of those that love them, rather than face the painful memories alone.   It is not surprising to see that Sethe named her second born daughter after the young girl that saved both of their lives.   Amy Denver, a white servant girl fleeing toward Boston, gave encouragement and first aid relief to Sethe’s swollen feet and helped her crawl to safety.   As Sethe lay dying on the uncomfortable ground, Amy approached her.   â€Å"She [Amy] gathered rocks, covered them with more leaves and made Sethe put her feet on them†¦then she did the magic: lifted Sethe’s feet and legs and massaged them until she cried salt tears† (Morrison, 35).   Amy is free of the thriving need to abuse slaves, and this ignorance proves beneficial.   U... ...port Sethe, and in return, Sethe chooses to accept their healing attempts and walks away from Beloved.   Slavery is and will always be within Sethe.   She was born a slave and raised a slave.   Crossing a river to freedom doesn’t change the torturous bonds of slavery.   The emotional barriers slavery places on people leave different effects but one thing remains common: the feeling of no self-worth.   Not all people are as lucky as Sethe to have people in their lives that help to overcome such obstacles.   With the help of Amy, Denver, Baby Suggs, Paul D, and others along her journey, Sethe is able to overcome the impossible and move on from her past with a life of love and acceptance. Works Cited Furman, Jan. Toni Morrison's Fiction. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York, Penguin Books USA Inc, 1998.

The Other Ending To Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

Howling Adventures Amongst Royal Frauds After all the confusion was settled at Aunt Sally and Uncle Silas’ farm, Tom, and Jim and I decided to go down the river to the Indian Territory and go for howling adventures amongst the Injuns. So we fixed up a raft and said good-bye. A week later Tom and I ran out of money so we couldn’t buy matches or cornmeal or any of that kinder stuff. So the next town we stopped at (by the name of Hicksville), the rain was pouring down so hard and the wind was a’ howling and whooping and the thunder made you jump right out of yur’ pants, we tied up the raft and found a good dry place to put Jim and keep ‘m hid (right under the dock where the platform reaches the land). Tom and I started to walk up towards the town and he told me about this book he read. It was about two boys who ran out of money whilst traveling down a river so they decide to sell rocks to people telling them that they’re magic. I got the feeling that Tom was trying to come up with ideas to make some money. So I says â€Å"Why don’t we jest steal some money?† And for the first time Tom agreed with me. So we stole some money from a blind man and ran as fast as we possibly could to the dock. Then we almost forgot Jim so Tom ran up to the end of the dock; went under it and told Jim it was all right to come out; we headed down the river, again. As we got further and further down the river, we realized we were in the Indian Territory. We tied up the raft on a tree that had falled down across the river. We set up a lean-to and cut some firewood, and put it in a dry place to keep it from the rain. After we set up camp, Tom and I took our rifles and decided to go hunting. We caught ourselves a rabbit and figer’d we best get back to camp before it got too late. When we got back to camp the lean-to was destroyed and Jim was gone. Well, it started to rain again and it was getting darker by the second. Tom looked over at me and said, â€Å"Injuns!† â€Å"I don’t know.† says I. â€Å"Do you have a plan, Tom?† â€Å"A plan for what?

English paper

Title Will Durant, a U. S author and historian, writes, â€Å"Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance. † This means that all the knowledge people once had is misleading to what the truth really is. Similarly, in Plato's â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† and Frederick Douglass's â€Å"Learning to Read and Write† a painful process of gaining knowledge through all the ignorance is described. Plato describes a prisoner going on a Journey to gain knowledge that is behind him, after he was stuck staring at a wall of shadows his whole life.He goes back to tell the other prisoners of his iscoveries and they want to kill him. Douglass is a slave who learns to read and write, going through stages to achieve each step. As he begins gaining knowledge he finds the truth about slavery which startles him. Socrates' idea that gaining knowledge is a difficult Journey to undertake because by doing so it changes the way people see the world, as proven by Douglass' exper iences. In Plato's â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Socrates illustrates a metaphorical story about attaining knowledge.He describes a cave with men who are chained, prisoners of the cave. They face a wall; that is all they can see because they cannot move their heads. They cannot even look behind them to see a walkway and a fire. As a person passes on the walkway, a shadow is projected onto the wall in front of the prisoners; this is all they know. Only the shadows are what is real to them because it's all they have ever known. Socrates says, â€Å"How could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? † (Plato 479).The main point is that people cannot understand anything except what is being projected right in front of them. Socrates' point is that society has a limited understanding of knowledge, and is ignorant about what is beyond the surroundings. To acquire knowledge of the truth beyond the cave, one prisoner is freed. As his eye s adjust to the light, he starts to see the real objects from the images that are projected onto the wall. He understands how the shadows were a false truth and Just an illusion and he feels bad for the other prisoners still stuck in the cave.He understands that they are not seeing the truth. Socrates states, â€Å"What he saw before was an illusion† (Plato 480). So the prisoner returns to tell the others about his knew knowledge, but they couldn't understand what they were being told. The other prisoners will not accept the knowledge the escapee has learned and my even put him to death. But the chained prisoners don't understand that the whole world outside the cave is more real than the false illusions, or the shadows being projected onto the walls. Society doesn't want to accept knew knowledge; people often resist changing what they know.Socrates' prisoner goes through stages or the process of knowledge, which is also shown in Douglass. In the allegory, when the prisoner f irst leaves the cave he stares at the sun and cannot see; it takes time to get accustomed to the brightness. Socrates describes, â€Å"And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves† (Plato 480). In time the prisoner will begin to understand the â€Å"realities † (Plato 480) that ne is tacing by going through the stages.This is shown in Douglass as well. Douglass is first taught to read by Mistress Hugh, but then she refuses to teach him. So Douglass turns to kids that e makes friends with to finish teaching him to read. Douglass Sates, â€Å"The light broke in upon me by degrees† (Douglass 73); in other words, education is being achieved in stages. This is like the prisoner going through a process of gaining knowledge. Once Douglass is introduced to reading, he teaches himself to write by tricking the white boys into helping him learn.The process endured outside the cave by the prisoner- or the process endured by Douglass- will be â€Å"tedious† (Douglass 74), and take time, but steps must be taken to gain any knowledge. The process of gaining nowledge can be painful; Socrates idea of pain by being enlightened is played out in Douglass. When the prisoner is in a cave he is comfortable with the shadows on the wall and his surroundings, but if the prisoner is freed he will feel pain: â€Å"And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn away to take refuge in the objects of visions which he can see† (Plato 480).The new knowledge that he will gain is so different than what he is used to. This can be seen likewise in Douglass as well. When Douglass learns to read he learns the ruth of slavery which â€Å"tormented† (Douglass 71) him. He writes, â€Å"It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but no ladder upon which to get out† (Douglass 72). This is similar to the pri soner leaving the cave. He understands slavery and his rights are taken away, they ways that they are taken from their homes and made into nothing is so cruelly wrong.This causes him great pain; the only thing he has to look forward to is the hope of being freed. Because becoming enlightened is a painful process, many will resist or challenge what they believe, as illustrated by Socrates and Douglass. After the prisoner goes on his Journey of being enlightened, he goes back to the cave to tell his friends what he has learned, but they reject him. Socrates says, â€Å"If any one tried to lose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch he offender, and they would put him to death† (Plato 482).The other prisoners think he is being â€Å"ridiculous† (Plato 481) and want to put him to death for his story about life outside the cave. They don't understand that they are the ones trapped in ignorance and the freed prisoner is telling them the truth. This also pl ays out in Douglass. Mistress Hugh began by being a caring lady and teaching Douglass how to read, but slavery soon made a big impact on her. â€Å"l have had her rush at me with a face made all up of fury, and snatch from me a newspaper, in a manner that fully revealed her apprehension† ( Douglass 70).The violence she projected toward Douglass when snatching the paper from him shows the resistance she now has toward him being educated. Many will resist being enlightened because society doesn't like to change what they already know. While society tends to resist enlightenment, those who are enlightened cannot eturn to their former ignorance, and pities others who are stuck there; which is shown in Plato and Douglass. English paper Ago then plans to backstab Othello and ruin his love with Desman. Based on Shakespearean focus on the character and his actions that developed the plot, it is shown he believes that freewill directs our lives. He does so by using development of the antagonist and sequencing of events. Shakespeare starts off with the story with the development of direct characterization of Ago as the antagonist who seeks revenge on Othello.In Act 1, Scene 1, lines 54-56; we have Ago start off speaking and Introducing his evil plan to sabotage Othello for not promoting him, yet instead promoting some new kid. Ago states, â€Å"These fellows have some soul, and such a one do I profess myself. For, sir, It is as sure as you are Ordering, Were I the Moor, I would not be Ago. In following him, I follow myself; Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty. † From this quote, we see that Shakespeare directly develops Ago as an antagonist character.After reading what Ago has said, we learn exactly that he's actually doing everything for his own benefits and that he could really care less about others. Ago does not try to curve or seem to attempt to hide anything from the audience, so the sense of selfishness peaks out to the audience and the message Is conveyed pretty clearly that he will do anything In his will to be In the position of higher power as well as take over those who are In the way. In Act 1, Scene 3, and line 12; we have Ago complaining and speaking towards the audience again.This time he says, â€Å"Cassia's a proper man: let me see how: To get his place and to plume up to my will. In double-knowing?How, how? Let's see?after some time, to abuse Othello ear, that he is too familiar with his wife. After some time, to abuse Toeholds ear. † Ago shares his plot to destroy Othello tit the audience. Since Othello is so gullible, Ago manipulates that fact and will make him believe that Desman is having an affair with Cassia. This is all happening due to a result of l agans choice to sabotage Othello and get him back.The direct characterization of Ago as an antagonist is showing how he plans on using one of Toeholds weak point?such as his love shared with Desman?to help revenge Othello and ruin him due to the fact that he did not promote him but instead, promoted Cassia. He also gets back at Cassia as well, by Incorporating Cassia Into his Lana to make It seem Like Desman Is cheating on Othello. Shakespeare then continues to use direct characterization as a development of Ago is thinking of another one of his mini plans to help get back at Othello.He is thinking of using the handkerchief that Othello had gave to Desman and place it in the hands of Cassia in order to convince Othello that Desman has truly been cheating. â€Å"Trifles light as air, Are to the Jealous confirmations strong, as proof of holy writ: this may do something. † Shakespeare develops Ago as an antagonist using erect characterization by having him purposely plan out thi s evil plan of killing Adhesion's and Othello love life and having Ago saying exactly to the audience what he believes shows a direct characterization.Another example that supports the idea that Shakespeare uses direct characterization to help support the idea of freewill is in ACTA, scene 3, line 12. Here, he is specifically saying what he truly feels towards the Moor (Othello), â€Å"l hate the Moor: And it is thought abroad, that twixt my sheets, He has done my office: I know not fit be true;† With Ago directly saying that e hates the Moor shows a direct characterization that he is the antagonist because with him directly announcing that he hates the Moor, we can Just tell from that statement that he is our antagonist.This supports the idea of free will, because this quote also shows that although he hates the more, he is purposely going to play nice to him in order to get back at Othello. Shakespeare then uses sequencing of events to help support the idea of freewill. In the beginning of story, Shakespeare starts off with Ago planning to purposely tell on Desman and Othello and how they have ran off.In ACTA scene 1 and line 5 Ago says, â€Å"Call up her father, Rose him: make after him, poison his delight, Proclaim him in the streets; incense her kinsmen,† With Ago purposely putting himself out there as the person whose responsible for telling on Othello and Adhesion's relationship, and agreeing to Adhesion's father that he will bring back Desman we see that with the book beginning with Ago depicted as being a 2-faced person that this is only the beginning and that his characteristics as an antagonist will strengthen as we progress through the story.Because he was one of Othello men, and by him being unload and running to tell about their relationship shows that he Just wants to sabotage Othello and isn't being faithful to Othello at all. At the end of the book, where it is the last time Ago speaks in the play, his freewill is yet still empha sized. Othello has captured him as a prisoner after he found out what Ago had did to him and demands that Ago tells him why he did what he did. Ago says, â€Å"Demand me nothing: what you know, you know: From this time forth I never will speak word. (5. 2. 1) Lagos intentions was to completely revenge and ruin Othello life and make him feel the pain and disappointment that he has gone through when he was not promoted. By having Othello still not knowing why Ago did what he did, even at the end of the story shows how the freewill of Ago was really meant to Just put Othello in great pain. Even though there were many events that supported the idea that Shakespeare believes in freewill, fate on the other hand can also play a role in directing our lives.In ACTA, science, page 15 Ago eventually ended up getting caught in his own plan ND did eventually get captured as a prisoner by Othello. We see this through the stage directions, â€Å"(enter Ladylove, Montana, Cassia carried in a chai r and officers with Ago, prisoner) By having Shakespeare use stage directions to clarify that Ago is now situations his ending result is still for him to fail in life again which was how he felt like he was when he wasn't promoted. In conclusion, Shakespeare starts off the story with Ago introducing his hatred for Othello to show how his freewill will pullout later through the story.We see how his revenge and all the situations he's gone through in order for himself to succeed in his own plan was freewill. How he decided to ruined Adhesion's and Othello love life was freewill. By looking at Shakespearean main emphasis on the development of the antagonist, Ago and sequencing of events it is shown how Shakespeare believes that freewill directs our lives. One lesson that can be taken by this story is to not put in too much trust and high expectations for someone, because once they slip up it'll hurt you lox more. English Paper Ambition In human beings is positive, but like most things else, It can be taken too far, and the results can compromise a person's happiness. When people AR e most ambitious, problems can occur because less time is spent doing the things that they I Eve, social Interactions are affected or physical Injuries can occur, thus compromising happiness In this poem by Des Walsh, a man has fallen victim to poverty because he took his ambition too far. This man is thinking back to how he got to where he Is, and he rime members a happy, glorified life.He remembers reading books and then imagines writing a book where he was not so ambitious and where his life was different. Somewhere In this mans' life, h e was over ambitious and this was the cause of his poverty. When people strive to achieve goals, they often do not know their own limits and therefore, can fall into a pothole in the road of life. Some people experience such a life of hopelessness caused by ambition that they fear to make ago Is, Hereford they need help from other's to hit the survivable that ambition has thrown t heir way.Ambition also affects the social Interactions that take place within society, If a person is striving 1 OFF The result is that he will degrade others and will push others down if it means that he can climb higher toward his goal. This only creates a path that over time, will close in on him. Each per son that is pushed away from him will eventually fall back upon him, crushing him and ending h is hope to achieve such goals. The result, happiness is compromised. Another way of thinking of this social concept is if one imagines throwing a rock up into the air, down a hill.The rock will go up, resisting gravity which represents other people. Eventually the rock will begin to fall a s the gravity pulls it down and it will land, lower than it started from. The result is a short time off leaning like he is on top of everyone else, then a long time of depression caused by loneliness. By less seeing goals and maintaining a healthy social life, happiness will be maintained while goals can still be achieved, only over more time. It would be like the rock rising very slowly from the grog undo, but instead, using gravity to assist it in its climb.I understand that this is a bit off unreal cystic comparison, but it works, right? There is one other result of ambition however, this on e I have experienced. When people are too ambitious, physical harm can be caused. People will stop at nothing to achieve goals and that includes ignoring body signals and pushing their b dies to the points of injury. Every year, many baseball pitchers need to go for â€Å"Tommy John† surge ere cause they have goals to throw the ball harder each time, pushing out past the pay sisal limits of a human being.Fielders collide and end careers because of a determination to run down that fly ball. Everyone has experienced bodily harm from pushing their bodies too hard. R inners pull hamstrings, fo otball players throw themselves into risks of concussions, all because t hose people will not consider the risks that are between them and their goals. For me how ever, one time when ambition harmed me was when I was younger. I was at the park with some

Accountant’s Role in Project Feasibility Essay

Many new projects which have passed countless feasibility and viability appraisal studies have been sunk by unexpected events such as flood. fire, burglary, changes in legislation, plague, demographic shifts, an inability recruit and/or keep suitable staff, the failure of a major customer, seasonal demands, health scares, product recalls due to poor quality, withdrawal of financial support, weather, new technology and poor management to list but a few. Many projects of course can pass feasibility tests and studies and be brought undone by sheer incompetence or downright dishonesty. A key factor in any feasibility study must be ensuring that you are dealing with correct facts, correct assumptions and up to date financial data. Almost daily, Tanzanian Newspapers Larry prominent reports of new manufacturing ventures soon to be launched by individual or by local groups. Perhaps, tomorrow a state government will be telling us how college industries will stem the flow of youths from rural to urban areas. From the headlines alone Tanzanians cannot escape the feeling that the rest holds great promise for unprecedented economic and social progress. But these expectations will be fulfilled only if most of the specific projects survive their early lives. Besides, not all those new projects will be completed. Some that get completed will not prove profitable and may soon close down. According to Nwoko (1988:34) summits that in simple terms one reason for which new projects may not be completed but have to be abandoned or profitable ventures may get choked up by controllable environmental factors and circumstance is that proper feasibility analysis was not conducted before take –off of project. According to Ume 91977:10).. stated that proposals schemes or projects for social, environmental and economic development demand feasibility and viability appr aisal. See more:  Manifest Destiny essay In fact the two fundamental questions which feasibility and viability appraisal seek to answer are inevitable for prudent decision making at all levels in the society. The entrepreneur must have a long range outlook on the intended business investment, examine the alternative uses of capital and account for inflation in future value of cash flows, and forecast future events and financial requirements and carry sensitivity and risk analysis. These are highly technical areas of knowledge that calls for expertise skills. Therefore this category of valuation holds out limitless opportunities and boundless scope for service and rewards for the accountants, economists, valuers or appraisers. This study provides an analysis and illustration of the principles of feasibility and viability appraisals and highlights the essence of the subject matter. It also brings into sharp focus the accountants essential contributions which have hitherto tended to be lost in wide diffusion 1.1Background. The study is divided into two sections. Section one which comprises chapter 1,2 and 3 deals with the main basis, scope and methodology of he research. Specifically, chapter two provides an evaluation of the theoretical concept of investment appraisal. Hence, the contributions of various writers with regard to the concepts of feasibility and viability studies as well as the role of the accountant there off are examined under the heading â€Å"literature review†. The second section comprises chapter 4 and 5, and focuses on feasibility and viability case study on a practical illustration of feasibility and viability case study of a household cassava-starch production. 1.2Statement of the problem One of the problems of a successful industrialization in the developing countries is undoubtedly lack of formulation of a project in such a way that its potential profitability either from the public or private view point can be estimated on a firm basis. According to Ezeanagu (1991:14). This assertion is evidently proved by the survival rate of the national directorate of employment supported small scale enterprises in Nigeria which has been put at a mere 15%. According to Uwakaneme (1980:1) this problem can be pinned on the tendency in Nigeria entrepreneurs to neglect thinking through their plans carefully in the beginning in form of feasibility and viability study before committing scarce funds and energy apart from insufficient starting capital and shortage of skilled technical and managerial manpower. Many good business ventures are abandoned after plunging in huge amounts of money because their originator just embarked upon them in that they feel there is market demand and they could get enough funds to execute the project. According to Ughamadu 91990:18) regrettably, as Uwakaneme (1980:3) puts it, many Nigerian businessmen see feasibility studies not as a vital part of their project but as an imposition and an absolute necessity for fulfilling loan requirements or for attracting equity participation. Thus, the more embellished the report the better. Available evidence indicates that even trusted accountants, consultants prepare project reports and projections to suit their clients requirements and earn their fees: insensitive of the credibility to Olashore 91985:5), consequently, the proposals get rejected by the bankers, or share the facilities granted, the business proprietors soon find themselves in trouble when they are faced with real life situations as distinct from the rosy picture painted by the initial projections by the accountants. 1.3Research objectives 1.To determine the main techniques of appraisal commonly adopted for analytical purposes and to determine the reasonableness of such in practical situations. 2.To appraise the potential of feasibility and viability studies in successfully carrying out a project ideas. 3.To identify the general role of the accountant in the formation and development of business. 4.To identify the specific role of the accountant in feasibility and viability appraisals. 5.To illustrate the principles and applications of feasibility and viability studies suing a small scale cassava starch plant as a case study Main objective Specific objective 1.4Research questions. Following from the problems identified in the problem statement as stated above, the following fundamental questions have income imperative for this study: 1.What are the underlying principles and significance of feasibility and viability appraisals? 2.What impact do feasibility and viability appraisals have on the survival o failure of new projects? 3.What is the role of a professional accountant in the preparation of credible feasibility and viability appraisals in order to help avert project failure 1.5Scope of the study This study does not dwell much on the truth or otherwise of the failure of accountants to carry out their role in feasibility and viability appraisals but merely examines what that role should be using a case study. Hence, there is no hypothesis or any proof of such. Research works in Nigeria especially those adopting interview approach, are beset with a lot of limitations which include mass illiteracy, dearth of reliable secondary data prejudice against the research himself and ensure secrecy. Many of these limitations were experienced in the course of its study. The study was carried out mainly in Enugu although some data were gathered in Lagos. Therefore, the case study may not be regarded as a â€Å"fact accompli† report for investment purposes as only a limited investment has been conducted and a number of assumptions made. These limitations not withstanding it is believed that the findings of the study could be useful and should form the basis for further studies on the subject. 1.6significance of the study If a project is well formulated and thoroughly appraised, a good follow-through on the subsequent stages of the project will see to its goals being achieved. Appraisal involves a careful checking of the basic data, assumptions and methodology used in project preparation, an in-depth review of the work plan, cost estimates and proposed financing, an assessment of the project’s organizational and management aspects, and finally the validity of the financial, economic and social benefits expected from the project. On the basis of such an assessment, a judgement is reached as to whether the project is technically sound, financially justified and viable from the point of view of the economy as a whole. The target audiences of this study are students of accountancy in the tertiary educational institutions and all those interested in the field of project evaluation. Since there appears to be no existing literature on the role of the accountant in feasibility and viability studies, this project attempts to till that gap for the benefit of accounting students. It would also help young entrepreneurs and indeed the management of small-scale business to appreciate the necessity of feasibility and viability appraisal which will translate to the survival of their business which will in turn enhance the attainment of the government objective of rapid industrialization 1.7Limitation and delimitation of the study 1.8DEFINITION OF TERMS The following are the contextual definition of some terms used in the study: ACCOUNTANT: PROJECT: A project is the use of one or more scarce resources during specific time period for the purpose of producing some economic returns or output at a later time. A project is the consumption in the near future of scarce or at least limited resources in the hope of obtaining in return over a longer is an optimum set in the investment oriented by means of which a defined continuation of human and material resources is expected to cause a determined amount of economic and social development. According Nweze (1987:†34) INVESTMENT: According to SIR D.C Osuagwu (2003:31) investments are carried out primarily for maximizing an entities wealth and can be varied into: Mechanization of process where a firm wants to change its manual system of production to installation of a machine or expansion is a process. Investment is an economic activity designed to increases, improve or maintain the productive qualify of the existing stock of capital. According to Nweze (1987:34). NB: project evaluation, investment analysis or appraisals are for the purpose of this study, synonymous and therefore used interchangeably here. FEASIBILITY AND VIABILITY Feasibility and viability have been explained in detail elsewhere in this study. But for the present purpose let it suffice that respectively the mean â€Å"practicability and profitability†

Advertisement, Good or Not Essay

Advertisement is news or a message that is made for persuade or influenced people to be interested in the product or service that a company offers. It means that every ad must be persuasive. There are many kinds of ads; based on its nature of advertisement, it is divide into Commerce ads and Non-commerce ads. Commerce ads made for influencing people in order to have, buy and use the product that has been advertised. On the other hand non-commerce ads made to get people’s attention so they will be sympathetic or give a support to the ads. In the daily life people often see an advertisement; in television, in news paper, in internet, in radio and at the road, posted on billboard. The advertisement will influence people’s behavior and physicology, because people’s culture and life style are based on what they have seen and feel then they will implement it in their daily life. In this case, modern people’s life will be influenced by the information that they get in their daily life. By watching and hearing an advertisement, people will get two sides of effect, they are disavantages and advantages. The effect that people get is based on how people respond to the advertisement, and if people dont want to get the disadvantageous side of advertisement, they have to know how to respond to it. The main function of the ads is to promote a product in order to look more interesting and able to get consumer’s attention. There are many ways that company do to get the consumer’s attention through an ads, like in a humorous , strange , controversial way, etc. However many ads do not only want to promote their products but also want to give some moral message to people so that it can useful to people’s life. For example, cigarette advertising â€Å"Gudang Garam†. It show that a scholar who is able to be a motorist taxi only. He is constantly humiliated by the other motorcycle taxi riders because of his bachelor’s degree. His unfortunate fate changes when his only one motorcycyle is stolen. He feels regretful and curses his bad luck. But, because that accident, he has an idea to make an alarm for motorcycle and after that he become a succesful entrepreneur. The moral message that we get is â€Å"Never give up on situation, make a mockery as our motivation, and believe that there must be a good lesson in every difficulty. Another function of ads is to educate people. How could an ads educate people? That’s because every has a story that could be a lesson to people in their life. For example, Tea advertising â€Å"sariwangi †. It tells story about the wife who wants to ask her husband to repair their roof, but she doesn’t want to disturb her husband. Finally she asks her husband softly and she also gives her husband a cup of warm tea in order to warm up the situation. The message conveyed in this ad is â€Å"a wife should know her husband the condition before asking something so that their family will always be harmonious. From both ads, we can see that there are no factors that could ruin children’s moral or the factor that could influence people to do something bad. On the other hand, both ads contain a lot of factors of entertainment and education, and they also give a lot of useful moral message to people’s life. There are some ads that advertise product excessively. That ads can manipulate public taste and public minds. For example, body lotion advertisement. In that ads, the price of the product is not stated clearly. In fact it is only showing the beauty of its white model’s body that shows women will look more beautiful if they have flawless white skin after using this product. Its tagline also influences people to buy something useless and force them to think that such a product is a primary need. The woman who feel pretty with her brown skin, now they feel ugly because they don’t flawless white skin. If the women still cannot get what the color of skin that they want, they will buy the product again and again untill they feel they have the best color of skin thinking about the effect. This ads shows that a bad ads can make someone consumptive and imitate the action from the ads. An ads doesn’t have to be erased or eliminated from human live. As people who consume an ads in almost every activity, people have an obligation to choose and sort some ads which are good or not for themselves, think rationally to every sugesstion from the ads and improve the intrepretation of the ads in which every action in the ads is not always the sama as the real life. In short, any ads showed by some companies can be concluded as a bad ads or good ads based on how to responed to it. The ads can be good to someone but may not to others. Therefore, people have to respond to it wisely. People have to assume that an ads is just a media to promote a product and there is not a ‘MUST’ buy the product. People cannot only the good ads but also can refuse the bad ones.

Limitations of Financial Accounting Essay

Financial accounting is the only branch of accounting and it is not perfect. There are large numbers of limitations which open new way to use other tools of accounting. To know what are the main limitations of financial accounting. It is very necessary for accountants. Accountants are often blind to these limitations. So, I am covering its limitation a lot of ground. Read below and understand:- 1. Financial accounting is of historical nature Net effect of transactions are recorded in financial accounting which has happened in past. These accounts is just postmortem of all events of business in past .These record does not help for future planning and other managerial decisions. Financial accounting shows the profitability of business but it is failure to tell that is it good or bad. Financial accounting is also failure to know the reasons of low profitability position. 2. Financial accounting deals with overall profitability Accounts of business are made by a way which shows only overall profitability .It does not shows net profit per product , or per department or according to job . Thus it is very difficult to find all such activities which do not give profit. So, it creates inefficiency in business activities. 3. Absence of full disclosure of facts In financial accounting we record only those activities and transactions which we can show or describe in money. There are many other facts of business which are nonfinancial and nonmonetary like efficient management, demand of products of firm, good relations in industry , good working environments which cannot be known by financial accounting . 4. Financial reports are interim report of business Financial statements made by financial accounting is the interim report of firm’s all business work but financial position and profitability which are shown in it is not fully true . Due to adopting cost concept, all transactions are recorded on it real cost but by changing in the time; it is the need of time to adjust cost of assets and liabilities according to inflation of market. Because, financial accounting does not records according to inflation so its result does not show true position of business. 5. Incomplete knowledge of costs From cost point of view, financial accounting is incomplete. In financial accounting, accountant does not calculate each and every product’s total cost. So, financial accounting does not help to determine the price of product of business. 6. No provision of cost control Financial accounting does not help business organization for controlling the cost as there is no provision of controlling cost in it. In financial accounting, we write cost, if we pay any expenses. Thus there is no provision of improvement in financial accounting. Except this, there is no any other way to inspect all expenses. 7. Financial statements are affected from personal judgment Many events of financial statements are affected from personal judgment of accountant. Method, rate of provision of doubtful debts and valuation method are decided by accountant. Thus, financial statements do not show true and fair view of business.