Facebook: Motives for Use and Effects on Personality

Facebook Motives for Use and Effects on PersonalityThe current composition investigated the motives for using Facebook from the practises and gratifications perspectives and temperament as predictors of Facebook addiction among the Mauritian university students. It as well explored the kin of motives and personality with attitudinal/ demeanoral outcomes of the come aparticipants Facebook use. It was show that certain overabundant motives and extraversion trait were potently associated with the Facebook variables studied and signifi squirttly predicted addiction to the site as expected.Relationship mingled with Facebook and motivesThe study form 8 motives for Mauritian youths for using Facebook, the most popular genial ne dickensrking site. These motives include passing clock condemnation, education, political, genial interaction, entertainment, network surveillance, information want and relationship livelihood. Preceding studies shew similar motives for using the s ite. For represent Dhaha et al (2014) prove that entertainment, friendly interaction, political and education motivated Somali youths to use Facebook. Hart (2011) found that four motives for using the site among undergraduates, namely information seeking, passing measure, relationship maintenance and entertainment momentously predicted cadence of Facebook use, frequency of Facebook use and second of Facebook friends. Zhang et al (2011) found that network surveillance signifi idlertly predicted cartridge holder fatigued on Facebook per mean solar day and number of Facebook friends. In this study a bivariate correlation has revealed that thither was a moderate and significant positive relationship of amount of term lapse per day, number of friends and login frequency with all the motives except education and political which showed no relationship with these Facebook usage variables.The study enquired the intensity of Facebook addiction among Mauritian youths. The Facebook addiction dick was divided into 4 dimensions namely salience, loss of come across, mood modification and conflict. The results confirmed addictive tendencies among 27.2% of the sample as they rated high on overall Facebook addiction scale. It was found that the site was incorporated in their daily lives (salience), many spend more(prenominal) than 3 hours per day on it (38.2%), they often lose sleep due to advanced night logins, have a constant urge to check Facebook (loss of control), neglect responsibilities such as academic performance (conflict) and often use Facebook to reduce feelings of disturbance (mood modification). These findings corroborate with previous studies. For instance Z armohzzabieh et al (2014) and Balakrishinan Shamim (2013) found similar outcomes of addictive behaviors towards the use of Facebook, namely salience, loss of control, mood modification, withdrawal and conflict.In terms of the relationship between Facebook motives and Facebook addiction, th e study shown a significant positive correlation between Facebook addiction and the 8 motives components studied. Facebook addiction was more closely colligate to passing condemnation motive followed by entertainment, social interaction and relationship maintenance. These findings atomic number 18 consistent with previous studies of Facebook addiction from uses gratifications perspectives. For instance Dhaha et al. (2014) and Kavitha (2013) found that entertainment, communication, passing time, social interaction and beau monde were correlative with Facebook addiction.The study also investigated specific motives as predictors of Facebook addiction to test the hypotheses. The analysis of the multiple regression revealed that the four motives namely passing time, entertainment, social interaction and relationship maintenance significantly predicted Facebook addiction. Passing time motive cutd as the best predictor of Facebook addiction, followed by entertainment and relationshi p maintenance. These findings are supported by previous studies. For instance (Kavitha, 2013) also identified passing time as the best predictor of Facebook addiction. In the same tonal pattern a systematic polish that examined Facebook addiction and motives has revealed that for 14 out of 16 studies, the components explaining the majority of the variance relate to either passing time or relationship maintenance (Ryan et al, 2014). With regard to the prevalent gratification of passing time, findings seem to reflect the usual use of Facebook to occupy time when bored, to procrastinate from other(a) activities or task avoidance (Foregger, 2008 Sheldon, 2008). The researchers also found that entertainment (e.g. playing games) was a popular motive for engaging in Facebook appearing across 15 studies (Ryan et al, 2014). It is associated with pleasure seeking. Dhaha et al (2014) and Sofiah et al (2011) also found that entertainment, social interaction (e.g. making new friends) and com munication significantly predicted Facebook addiction.These findings are consistent with those of Ryan et al, (2014) which reported that motives can be related to Facebook addiction through use that is habitual, excessive or a desire for mood modification. The findings reflect both the benefits and downside of Facebook use. The uses and gratifications of Facebook use operate to satisfy the social and psychological needs of a heavy(a) number of internet users but at the same contributing to addiction to the site (Ryan et al, 2014). As the findings indicate, excessive use result in negative purport outcomes such as neglecting significant activities e.g. school and significant relationships. For instance this paradox can be illustrated in terms of the Stimulation hypothesis and Displacement Hypothesis since findings of this study have revealed that social interaction is related to Facebook addiction. The former supports the positive effects of social interaction via Facebook. It arg ues that on bourn interaction complements existing social interaction and can extend new cyber relationships to off dividing line interaction at that placeby improving social relationships and relieved from loneliness (Valkenburg, 2007).But paradoxically the displacement hypothesis suggests that the time and psychic capability spent on Facebook with weak ties or virtual characters replaces real world interaction and is harming significant relationships (Valkenburg, 2007). Similarly (Sheldon et al, 2011) found that spending a lot of time on Facebook correlated with both high levels of feeling connected to other people and with high levels of disconnection. Moreover Facebook addiction is found to be with associated depression, anxiety disorders, scrappy tendencies and decreased productivity (Rosen et al, 2014)Relationship between Facebook and personalityThis study analyzed the attitudinal and behavioral outcomes of the respondents Facebook use from a personality trait border on in volving extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, aflame stability and self-love. The study also posits that certain of these personality traits predict Facebook addiction. Results indicate that extraversion significantly and positively correlated with amount of time spent on Facebook per day, login frequency, number of friends and Facebook addiction. Regression analysis has revealed that extraversion significantly predicts Facebook addiction. These findings are in line with other studies. For instance Amichai-Hamburger et al (2010) and Kosinski et al 2013 found that Extroversion was positively related with amount of time spend on Facebook and number of friends. Wilson et al (2010) reported that extraversion was related to higher levels of Facebook use and predicts addictive tendencies to the site. The researchers findings suggest that extroverts are over reliant on SNSs as they require a higher level of stimulation and a large social network. In the same line the current study found that there was a positive significant correlation between extraversion and social interaction motive consistent with the rich-get-richer approach which claims that extraverts get ahead more benefits through SNSs as they can enlarge their social relationships (Kuss Griffiths, 2011). This is to contrast with Moore McElroy, (2012) who found that those who score low on extraversion i.e. introverts positively correlated with Facebook use to stay in touch with friends.With respect to conceit this study found that narcissism significantly and positively correlated with amount of time spent on Facebook per day, login frequency, number of friends and Facebook addiction. Carpenter et al (2012) and Rosen (2014) also found that users who score high on narcissism spend a lot of time on Facebook they depict addictive symptoms to the site and have many Facebook friends. Moreover the current study revealed there was a high and positive significant correlation of narcissism with the frequency of posting updates and changing indite pictures. Similarly Alloway et al (2014) found that frequency of posting status updates was related to narcissism. Individuals scoring high on narcissism are more active on social network sites as these sites represent an opportunity to present themselves in a self-promoting way which is in line with their ideal self by frequently posting glorifying pictures and updates about them (C. S. Andreassen, et al, 2012).On the other hand this study revealed that conscientiousness was negatively related to amount of time spent on Facebook and login frequency and low scores on conscientiousness predicted Facebook addiction. These findings are consistent with Wilson et al (2010) which showed low scores on conscientiousness was related to higher levels of SNSs use and significantly predicted addictive tendencies to SNSs. It was hypothesized that unconscientious young adults exhibit addictive tendencies towards the use of SNS s as they lack self-discipline and tend to use these sites as way of procrastinating (Wilson et al 2010). in time these findings differ from that of Marcus et al (2006) who found that conscientiousness was positively related to self-monitoring and presentation, suggesting that those who rated high on conscientiousness quest after on social-net working(a) sites to gain social appreciation.Alternatively this study found there was no relationship of openness to experience with amount time spends per day, number of friends and login frequency. Openness to experience did not predict Facebook addiction. These findings are supported by Wilson et al (2010) which also revealed that openness trait has no impact on SNSs use. The researchers believe that this is due to the fact that Facebook is no longer being a new creation and thus has lost some of its appeal for those with openness characteristic who are keen to experience newer activities (Wilson et al, 2010). However this studys finding do not link with those of Ross et al (2009) which showed that higher levels of openness to experience was associated with greater online sociability. Conversely this study found that there was no relationship between openness to experience and social interaction motive for using Facebook.This study revealed that there was no relationship of agreeableness personality trait with amount of time spends per day on Facebook, how often participants login to Facebook, number of Facebook friends and Facebook addiction. These results correspond with those of Wilson et al (2010) which showed that the agreeableness trait has no influence on SNS use. This is also in line with Duff (2012) which found that there was no significant relationship between agreeableness and frequency of Facebook use.Neuroticism was negatively related to amount of time spend on Facebook per day, login frequency and Facebook addiction. These results indicate that participants scoring low on psychoneurosis spend more time on Facebook and depict addictive tendencies to the site. Conversely high scores on neuroticism is associated with less time spend on Facebook. These findings are in contrast with those of Wilson et al (2010) who found that neuroticism was not associated with addictive tendencies to SNS. Likewise Duff (20..) found that neuroticism was not related to frequency of Facebook use. The current findings do not link also with other studies which reported that high scores on neuroticism was positively associated with social media use where it was assumed that neurotics use social media as a way of seeking support. Moreover another plausible reason reported for this positive relationship was that online social networks give those who are high on neuroticism more time for scrutiny before acting unlike face-to-face interactions (C. S. Andreassen, et al, 2012).However this studys findings are indirectly supported by those of Marcus et al (2006), which indicated a significant negative correlation between neuroticism and self-monitoring (Duff..). Marcus et al (2006) argued that these results indicated that those higher in neuroticism show a lack of ability in changing their behavior to gain social approval from others. Thus this may indirectly explain why neurotics spend less time on Facebook. In the same line the current study has revealed that neuroticism is negatively related to social interaction implying that those who are high on neuroticism are less likely to engage in social interactions.Relationship between self-esteem and FacebookThis study reported a significant negative correlation between self-esteem and amount of time spent on Facebook per day. This indicates that those who score low on self-esteem spend more time on Facebook. These findings are supported by previous studies. For instance Kalpidou et al 2011 found there was a negative correlation between self-esteem and time spent on Facebook. In the same line Mehdizadehs (2010) findings revealed that lower lev els of self-esteem correlated with greater amount of time spent on Facebook. The current study also revealed that self-esteem was negatively related to number of friends suggesting that low self-esteem participants have more friends.These findings are consistent with Zywica Danowskis (2008) findings which reported that low self-esteem users have many Facebook friends as they strived more to outgrowth their Facebook popularity to compensate for inadequate offline popularity, consistent with the social compensation hypothesis. Moreover having many Facebook friends implies performing for a bigger audience which is associated with enhancing in self-esteem.Another plausible description for these results interlink with Ellison et al, 2007 study which stated that low self-esteem users trace more benefits from Facebook than their high self-esteem counterparts as Facebook affordances mitigate fear of rejection and enable them to enlarge their social capital in a way more rewarding for th em than face to face interaction. Since low self-esteem involves poor self-perception, social anxiety and shyness, features such as wall posting, messaging, poking, tagging and display of users personal information encouraged low self-esteem users to improve social relationships. (Steinfield et al, 2008). Hence as Facebook is related to bounding and bridging of social capital it can be deduced that those with low self-esteem spend more time on Facebook to boost their self-esteem (Steinfield et al, 2008).Furthermore, viewing ones own Facebook profile, editing Facebook profile and receiving positive feedback from others were found to enhance self-esteem (Gonzales Hancock 2011 Valkenburg et al, 2006). Gonzales Hancock 2011 stated that Facebook is related to self-presentation. Thus it can be said that those with low self-esteem spend more time on Facebook than those with high self-esteem in order to optimize their self-presentation such as posting information about themselves so as to gain more popularity and altogether boost their social self-esteem.The present findings indicate that low self-esteem users may be over reliant on Facebook to reap these benefits. Indeed this study has revealed a significant correlation between self-esteem and Facebook addiction. Correspondingly Denti et al (2012) also found that low self-esteem was associated with Facebook addiction. The researcher found that Women Facebook addicts with low self-esteem use Facebook more to report negative information about their lives (Denti et al 2012). However the results do not link with those of Wilson et al (2010) which indicated that there was no relationship between self-esteem and social networking sites.Correlation Between abhorrence and want Sociological CritiqueCorrelation Between Crime and Poverty Sociological CritiqueIntroductionJock Young once said At heart, the extent of crime is a political as well 1as a behavioural matter The figures for crime are not hard facts in the sense t hat this is true of the height and weight of sensual bodies. They are moral not physical statistics. It is apparent from this statement that there are inherent flaws in all types of theories of crime causation whether these derive form the sociological, psychological or biological traditions. Nevertheless, crime causation theories form a significant part of modern criminology and have been used extensively to form policy and legislation.Bearing in point the limitation of these theories, this essay will try to address the question why sociological theories of criminality suggest that social deprivation and poverty are two of the most significant factors that lead to criminality when two of the most poverty stricken groups, women and the elderly, have low rates of crime.Crime and poverty A sociological approachThere are many schools of thought that deal with crime causation. Sociological theories of crime focus on the social dimension of criminality, trying to decompose the sociolo gical reasons that push individualistics to commit crime e.g. poverty, shaming, social deprivation, fear etc. Sociology, in general is the study of social organisation and institutions and of collective behaviour and interaction, including the individuals relationship to the group2.As early as 1893, criminologists such as Durkheim asserted that social deprivation and the division of labour in inn puts disadvantaged groups in need, often leaving them with no other option but to resort to crime3. Very close to this analysis is the approach of Radical Criminology. This uses Marxs ideas of capitalist society and social classes claiming that much proletarian offending could be redefined as a form of redistributive class justice or as a sign of the possessive individualism which resided in the core values of capitalist society4.Radical Criminology went a step further by arguing that individuals from working classes who resort to crime are in reality victims of a false consciousness that turns proletarian against proletarian. The ultimate goal is to preserve unequal class relations, screen the real nature of crime and repression in capitalist society5.Irrespective of whether we adopt the sociological explanation of the Traditional or Radical Criminology, there is still a paradox that both theories seem to overlook. If crime is closely related to class, social deprivation and poverty regardless of whether this is a construct of capitalism or barely a means to survival there is still not an adequate explanation as to why the distaff and older groups that form great part of poor classes render very low criminality rates.The correlation between, crime, poverty and gender/ageThe two most powerful demographic features that discriminate between offenders and non-offenders but at same time provide a good explanation of criminal behaviour are gender and age. At one time there was so little criminality from female and older groups that criminologists turned their attent ion to it.John Hagan justified the low crime levels within female groups by saying that male groups often see crime as a source of fun and excitement, which is not often the case with female groups which are more family-oriented due to the maternity role they carry6. Moreover, daughters are believed to be more frequently subject to intense, continual and diffuse family control in the private and domestic environments and this bit by bit develops among female groups a stronger feeling of emotional sanctions than physical or custodial controls. Therefore, shaming methodologies and the withdrawn of love and affection have greater impact on female groups than incapacitation. This system does not need the intervention of the criminal justice system but of close family guidance. Finally, this close family control also encourages female groups to stay international from the purview of agents of formal social control7.Carlens findings reinforce this theory as he collected evidence that sh owed female criminals were most likely to emerge when domestic family controls were removed altogether8.With minor exceptions the crimes of the elderly have not been in the focus of criminological attention9. Stephens argues that older people who belong to poor classes are more concerned with survival issues and do not feel empowered to resort to crime apart from occasional petty offences. They also lack the physical and psychological motivation to commit serious crimes such as murder or robbery.However, this is not the case with older people from wealthy classes as these groups are most often characterised by power, greed. They also carry the advantage of experience. However, again, they lack the physical energy to commit violent crimes and that is why they tend to focus on financial offences.ConclusionIt is apparent from the above analysis that sociological theories that use poverty and social deprivation to explain crime do not rubbing with the low levels of criminality within f emale and older groups. Male groups from poor classes render higher rates because they do not experience the same control mechanisms that female and older groups receive. When these mechanisms are lifted (e.g. because there is no close family control or because the feeling of survival is not that evident), then the risk is the same.Bibliography street corner S (1983) Power, Crime and Mystification, London Tavistock.Carlen P (1988) Women, Crime and Poverty, Milton Keynes Open University Press.Durkheim E (1953) The Division of Labour in Society, Oxford Oxford University PressRock P (1997) Sociological Theories of Crime The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford Oxford University Press.Haggan J (1979) The Sexual Stratification of Social soften 30 British Journal of Sociology.Stephens J (1976) Loners, Losers and Lovers. Seattle, Washington University of Washington.Young J (1988) Radical Criminology in Britain The Emergence of a Competing Paradigm 28 British Journal of Criminology1Footn otes1 Young J (1988) Radical Criminology in Britain The Emergence of a Competing Paradigm 28 British Journal of Criminology, page 175.2 The Oxford English Dictionary3 Durkheim E (1893) The Division of Labour in Society, later reprinted as Durkheim E (1953) The Division of Labour in Society, Oxford Oxford University Press4 Rock P (1997) Sociological Theories of Crime The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford Oxford University Press.5 Box S (1983) Power, Crime and Mystification, London Tavistock.6 Haggan J (1979) The Sexual Stratification of Social Control 30 British Journal of Sociology.7 Loc cit supra note 4 page 243.8 Carlen P (1988) Women, Crime and Poverty, Milton Keynes Open University Press.9 One exception is Stephens J (1976) Loners, Losers and Lovers. Seattle, Washington University of Washington.